{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3129064307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041116","title":"Robust Target Detection and Tracking Algorithm Based on Roadside Radar and Camera","display_name":"Robust Target Detection and Tracking Algorithm Based on Roadside Radar and Camera","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3129064307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041116","mag":"3129064307","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33562684"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21041116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041116","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101422218","display_name":"Jie Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4320-9082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Vehicles, School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Vehicles, School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100444232","display_name":"Sen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7850-1866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Vehicles, School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Vehicles, School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100399260","display_name":"Han Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7355-925X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Vehicles, School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Vehicles, School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044840341","display_name":"Libo Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7878-3998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Libo Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Vehicles, School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Vehicles, School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100338672","display_name":"Ping Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6917-6050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044840341"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.6396,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93938144,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"4","first_page":"1116","last_page":"1116"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7453447580337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6374456882476807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5477747321128845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.5460044741630554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5019307136535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46879491209983826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.462540864944458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.46135732531547546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4523925185203552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.4333485960960388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-driver-assistance-systems","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","score":0.4195302128791809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.39843660593032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.20683100819587708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.13285553455352783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10953348875045776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7453447580337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6374456882476807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5477747321128845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.5460044741630554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5019307136535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46879491209983826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.462540864944458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.46135732531547546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4523925185203552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.4333485960960388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.4195302128791809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39843660593032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.20683100819587708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.13285553455352783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10953348875045776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21041116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33562684","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33562684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5f6449378a084c1c8a26582631e6cb0b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5f6449378a084c1c8a26582631e6cb0b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 4, p 1116 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/4/1116/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 4; Pages: 1116","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7915906","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7915906","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21041116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9616780","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB0105002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013139595","https://openalex.org/W2015254403","https://openalex.org/W2017793677","https://openalex.org/W2023451621","https://openalex.org/W2047336211","https://openalex.org/W2048294994","https://openalex.org/W2059720101","https://openalex.org/W2098013660","https://openalex.org/W2098296991","https://openalex.org/W2101295974","https://openalex.org/W2115213191","https://openalex.org/W2118564720","https://openalex.org/W2129437228","https://openalex.org/W2132239513","https://openalex.org/W2133889189","https://openalex.org/W2137585588","https://openalex.org/W2144617132","https://openalex.org/W2148976443","https://openalex.org/W2167667767","https://openalex.org/W2169248202","https://openalex.org/W2553084692","https://openalex.org/W2565558192","https://openalex.org/W2578856063","https://openalex.org/W2592680288","https://openalex.org/W2612712743","https://openalex.org/W2622826443","https://openalex.org/W2741931273","https://openalex.org/W2745410201","https://openalex.org/W2792163463","https://openalex.org/W2792812842","https://openalex.org/W2802574842","https://openalex.org/W2889895804","https://openalex.org/W2902631400","https://openalex.org/W2904904015","https://openalex.org/W2906735273","https://openalex.org/W2911816503","https://openalex.org/W2938212554","https://openalex.org/W2944575467","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W2964135319","https://openalex.org/W2967040347","https://openalex.org/W2970673508","https://openalex.org/W2988721764","https://openalex.org/W2989938886","https://openalex.org/W3003490096","https://openalex.org/W3003865795","https://openalex.org/W3008052774","https://openalex.org/W3017374311","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3088821986","https://openalex.org/W3091369929","https://openalex.org/W3092225657","https://openalex.org/W3094313623","https://openalex.org/W3098774053","https://openalex.org/W3106149304","https://openalex.org/W3116213122","https://openalex.org/W3120351402","https://openalex.org/W6742099262"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2595172197","https://openalex.org/W2084856301","https://openalex.org/W2127970246","https://openalex.org/W2885125400","https://openalex.org/W1989889224","https://openalex.org/W4382618745","https://openalex.org/W1973775000","https://openalex.org/W2748922771","https://openalex.org/W1938087941","https://openalex.org/W1582120664"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intelligent":[0],"transportation":[1],"systems":[2],"(ITSs)":[3],"play":[4],"an":[5,88,100,125],"increasingly":[6],"important":[7],"role":[8],"in":[9,23,31],"traffic":[10,13],"management":[11],"and":[12,33,40,64,75,108,129,146,159,175],"safety.":[14],"Smart":[15],"cameras":[16,26],"are":[17],"the":[18,113,120,134,137,144,147,157,164,171],"most":[19],"widely":[20],"used":[21],"sensors":[22],"ITSs.":[24],"However,":[25],"suffer":[27],"from":[28],"a":[29,47,55,61,80],"reduction":[30],"detection":[32,107],"positioning":[34],"accuracy":[35,74,122],"due":[36],"to":[37,66,83,118,132],"target":[38,106,138],"occlusion":[39],"external":[41],"environmental":[42],"interference,":[43],"which":[44,78],"has":[45,71],"become":[46],"bottleneck":[48],"restricting":[49],"ITS":[50],"development.":[51],"This":[52],"work":[53],"designs":[54],"stable":[56],"perception":[57,148],"system":[58,149],"based":[59],"on":[60,87],"millimeter-wave":[62],"radar":[63],"camera":[65,84],"address":[67],"these":[68],"problems.":[69],"Radar":[70],"better":[72,81],"ranging":[73],"weather":[76],"robustness,":[77],"is":[79],"complement":[82],"perception.":[85],"Based":[86],"improved":[89],"Gaussian":[90],"mixture":[91],"probability":[92],"hypothesis":[93],"density":[94],"(GM-PHD)":[95],"filter,":[96],"we":[97],"also":[98],"propose":[99],"optimal":[101,115],"attribute":[102],"fusion":[103],"algorithm":[104,111,145],"for":[105],"tracking.":[109],"The":[110,140,166],"selects":[112],"sensors'":[114],"measurement":[116],"attributes":[117],"improve":[119],"localization":[121,161],"while":[123],"introducing":[124],"adaptive":[126],"attenuation":[127],"function":[128],"loss":[130],"tags":[131],"ensure":[133],"continuity":[135],"of":[136,143,163,173],"trajectory.":[139],"verification":[141],"experiments":[142],"demonstrate":[150],"that":[151],"our":[152],"scheme":[153],"can":[154],"steadily":[155],"output":[156],"classification":[158],"high-precision":[160],"information":[162],"target.":[165],"proposed":[167],"framework":[168],"could":[169],"guide":[170],"design":[172],"safer":[174],"more":[176],"efficient":[177],"ITSs":[178],"with":[179],"low":[180],"costs.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
