{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3126254827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030997","title":"A FOD Detection Approach on Millimeter-Wave Radar Sensors Based on Optimal VMD and SVDD","display_name":"A FOD Detection Approach on Millimeter-Wave Radar Sensors Based on Optimal VMD and SVDD","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3126254827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030997","mag":"3126254827","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33540656"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21030997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030997","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/997/pdf?version=1612406609","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/997/pdf?version=1612406609","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103071400","display_name":"Jun Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5040-8299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032265172","display_name":"xin ke Gou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Gou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013348434","display_name":"Qin Shu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7225-6043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qin Shu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100381479","display_name":"Xing Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0814-8192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xing Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0814-8192","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054082705","display_name":"Qi Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4882-5530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013348434"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":9.6855,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97150441,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"3","first_page":"997","last_page":"997"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.6380544304847717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.6103538870811462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/runway","display_name":"Runway","score":0.6024681925773621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5984384417533875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.57610023021698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5489858984947205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5285873413085938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5138493180274963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5037285685539246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3929916024208069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3756364583969116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.34967130422592163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10783421993255615}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.6380544304847717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.6103538870811462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81155309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184590","display_name":"Runway","level":2,"score":0.6024681925773621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5984384417533875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.57610023021698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5489858984947205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5285873413085938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5138493180274963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5037285685539246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3929916024208069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3756364583969116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34967130422592163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10783421993255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21030997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030997","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/997/pdf?version=1612406609","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33540656","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33540656","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e734d83db564440b86c91acbf552bccd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e734d83db564440b86c91acbf552bccd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 3, p 997 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:6772819","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC7867293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/3/997/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030997","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 3; Pages: 997","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7867293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7867293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21030997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030997","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/997/pdf?version=1612406609","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7195025023","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901288","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3126254827.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1627203307","https://openalex.org/W1969454151","https://openalex.org/W1975374405","https://openalex.org/W1978085452","https://openalex.org/W2000982976","https://openalex.org/W2010554782","https://openalex.org/W2034783362","https://openalex.org/W2064781143","https://openalex.org/W2095557540","https://openalex.org/W2138402108","https://openalex.org/W2143628522","https://openalex.org/W2147280166","https://openalex.org/W2149972487","https://openalex.org/W2412930375","https://openalex.org/W2607672988","https://openalex.org/W2727145621","https://openalex.org/W2756973318","https://openalex.org/W2757253157","https://openalex.org/W2904746140","https://openalex.org/W2905548604","https://openalex.org/W2910439030","https://openalex.org/W2911915531","https://openalex.org/W2921895997","https://openalex.org/W3011102797","https://openalex.org/W3016362220","https://openalex.org/W3016753067","https://openalex.org/W3141680348","https://openalex.org/W4233472580"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210962669","https://openalex.org/W2345184372","https://openalex.org/W3013515612","https://openalex.org/W2136184105","https://openalex.org/W2187500075","https://openalex.org/W2041399278","https://openalex.org/W2160451891","https://openalex.org/W2336974148","https://openalex.org/W2056016498","https://openalex.org/W2389470892"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Foreign":[0],"object":[1],"debris":[2],"(FOD)":[3],"on":[4,19,69],"airport":[5],"runways":[6],"can":[7],"cause":[8],"serious":[9],"accidents":[10],"and":[11,31,46,75,111,122],"huge":[12],"economic":[13],"losses.":[14],"FOD":[15,41,65,90,128],"detection":[16,42,66,129],"systems":[17],"based":[18,68],"millimeter-wave":[20],"(MMW)":[21],"radar":[22],"sensors":[23],"have":[24],"the":[25,97,109,114,120,126,132],"advantages":[26],"of":[27,50,113,131],"higher":[28],"range":[29],"resolution":[30],"lower":[32],"power":[33],"consumption.":[34],"However,":[35],"it":[36],"is":[37,105],"difficult":[38],"for":[39],"traditional":[40],"methods":[43],"to":[44,88,107],"detect":[45],"distinguish":[47,89],"weak":[48],"signals":[49,91],"targets":[51],"from":[52,92,118],"strong":[53],"ground":[54],"clutter.":[55],"To":[56],"solve":[57],"this":[58,60],"problem,":[59],"paper":[61],"proposes":[62],"a":[63,86],"new":[64],"approach":[67,82],"optimized":[70,99],"variational":[71],"mode":[72],"decomposition":[73],"(VMD)":[74],"support":[76],"vector":[77],"data":[78],"description":[79],"(SVDD).":[80],"This":[81],"utilizes":[83],"SVDD":[84],"as":[85],"classifier":[87],"clutter":[93],"signals.":[94],"More":[95],"importantly,":[96],"VMD":[98],"by":[100],"whale":[101],"optimization":[102],"algorithm":[103],"(WOA)":[104],"used":[106],"improve":[108],"accuracy":[110],"stability":[112],"classifier.":[115],"The":[116],"results":[117],"both":[119],"simulation":[121],"field":[123],"case":[124],"show":[125],"excellent":[127],"performance":[130],"proposed":[133],"VMD-SVDD":[134],"method.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
