{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3126269886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030971","title":"Obstruction-Aware Signal-Loss-Tolerant Indoor Positioning Using Bluetooth Low Energy","display_name":"Obstruction-Aware Signal-Loss-Tolerant Indoor Positioning Using Bluetooth Low Energy","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3126269886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030971","mag":"3126269886","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33535509"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21030971","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030971","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/971/pdf?version=1612332273","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/971/pdf?version=1612332273","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042451416","display_name":"Aybars Kerem Ta\u015fkan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5264-7154"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","display_name":"Middle East Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/014weej12","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aybars Kerem Ta\u015fkan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5264-7154","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068370976","display_name":"Hande Alemdar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1397-2146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","display_name":"Middle East Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/014weej12","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hande Alemdar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1397-2146","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068370976"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.61,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66001469,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"3","first_page":"971","last_page":"971"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7765144109725952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth-low-energy","display_name":"Bluetooth Low Energy","score":0.7282872796058655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.7101238369941711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.622161865234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5757368803024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indoor-positioning-system","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","score":0.5439704060554504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5342347621917725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-positioning-system","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","score":0.5150691866874695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.48043322563171387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-filter","display_name":"Particle filter","score":0.454344242811203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateration","display_name":"Multilateration","score":0.451969176530838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-system","display_name":"Positioning system","score":0.2928743362426758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.26175937056541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18998152017593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17459982633590698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10287559032440186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7765144109725952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776418194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1638779","display_name":"Bluetooth Low Energy","level":4,"score":0.7282872796058655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.7101238369941711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.622161865234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5757368803024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777486483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6026477","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","level":3,"score":0.5439704060554504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5342347621917725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187394410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","level":4,"score":0.5150691866874695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.48043322563171387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52421305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151499","display_name":"Particle filter","level":3,"score":0.454344242811203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104037064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640884","display_name":"Multilateration","level":3,"score":0.451969176530838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778603505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning system","level":3,"score":0.2928743362426758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.26175937056541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18998152017593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17459982633590698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10287559032440186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21030971","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030971","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/971/pdf?version=1612332273","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33535509","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33535509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:97f36e7ff37b4e3c8830a8f8a95d3826","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/97f36e7ff37b4e3c8830a8f8a95d3826","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 3, p 971 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:6772639","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC7867101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://open.metu.edu.tr:11511/88652","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11511/88652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402495","display_name":"OpenMETU (Middle East Technical University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","host_organization_name":"Middle East Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/3/971/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030971","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 3; Pages: 971","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7867101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7867101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21030971","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030971","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/971/pdf?version=1612332273","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3126269886.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3126269886.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998436755","https://openalex.org/W2341720557","https://openalex.org/W2540101212","https://openalex.org/W2563450087","https://openalex.org/W2563774312","https://openalex.org/W2599667902","https://openalex.org/W2611247258","https://openalex.org/W2734005876","https://openalex.org/W2740120894","https://openalex.org/W2765938132","https://openalex.org/W2779673798","https://openalex.org/W2787309231","https://openalex.org/W2787616969","https://openalex.org/W2879970644","https://openalex.org/W2900436735","https://openalex.org/W2901881203","https://openalex.org/W2908330044","https://openalex.org/W2908906402","https://openalex.org/W2935909185","https://openalex.org/W2944307380","https://openalex.org/W2963535290","https://openalex.org/W2977915324","https://openalex.org/W2981223452","https://openalex.org/W2994905487","https://openalex.org/W3037688066","https://openalex.org/W3091895566","https://openalex.org/W3116869432","https://openalex.org/W3182935790","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W189713034","https://openalex.org/W2088050110","https://openalex.org/W2755401669","https://openalex.org/W4241648783","https://openalex.org/W2997722037","https://openalex.org/W3204118479","https://openalex.org/W3043335126","https://openalex.org/W3016405810","https://openalex.org/W3126981429","https://openalex.org/W4387234286"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Indoor":[0],"positioning":[1,36,42],"is":[2],"getting":[3],"increased":[4],"attention":[5],"due":[6],"to":[7,51,79,86,97,116,133],"the":[8,60,63,81,88,92,99,114,137,153,160,163,196],"availability":[9],"of":[10,48,72,91,139,152,162,202],"larger":[11],"and":[12,65,94,112,170,178],"more":[13],"sophisticated":[14],"indoor":[15,35,41],"environments.":[16],"Wireless":[17],"technologies":[18],"like":[19],"Bluetooth":[20],"Low":[21],"Energy":[22],"(BLE)":[23],"may":[24],"provide":[25,52,113],"inexpensive":[26],"solutions.":[27],"In":[28,174],"this":[29],"paper,":[30],"we":[31,123,155,158],"propose":[32,106],"obstruction-aware":[33],"signal-loss-tolerant":[34],"(OASLTIP),":[37],"a":[38,46,70,167,175],"cost-effective":[39],"BLE-based":[40],"algorithm.":[43],"OASLTIP":[44],"uses":[45],"combination":[47],"techniques":[49],"together":[50,119],"optimum":[53],"tracking":[54],"performance":[55,161],"by":[56],"taking":[57],"into":[58],"account":[59],"obstructions":[61],"in":[62,130,166,171,194],"environment,":[64,181],"also,":[66],"it":[67],"can":[68],"handle":[69],"loss":[71],"signal.":[73],"We":[74,104,146],"use":[75,117],"running":[76],"average":[77,187],"filtering":[78,96],"smooth":[80],"received":[82],"signal":[83,128],"data,":[84],"multilateration":[85],"find":[87],"measured":[89],"position":[90],"tag,":[93],"particle":[95],"track":[98],"tag":[100],"for":[101,150],"better":[102],"performance.":[103],"also":[105],"an":[107,200],"optional":[108],"receiver":[109],"placement":[110],"method":[111],"option":[115],"fingerprinting":[118],"with":[120,135,189],"OASLTIP.":[121],"Moreover,":[122],"give":[124],"insights":[125],"about":[126],"BLE":[127,144],"strengths":[129],"different":[131],"conditions":[132,142],"help":[134],"understanding":[136],"effects":[138],"some":[140],"environmental":[141],"on":[143],"signals.":[145],"performed":[147],"extensive":[148],"experiments":[149],"evaluation":[151],"OASLTool":[154],"developed.":[156],"Additionally,":[157],"evaluated":[159],"system":[164,183],"both":[165],"simulated":[168,193],"environment":[169],"real-world":[172],"conditions.":[173],"highly":[176],"crowded":[177],"occluded":[179],"office":[180],"our":[182],"achieved":[184],"2.29":[185],"m":[186],"error,":[188],"three":[190],"receivers.":[191],"When":[192],"OASLTool,":[195],"same":[197],"setup":[198],"yielded":[199],"error":[201],"2.58":[203],"m.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-26T13:28:51.108037","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
