{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3128845857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030929","title":"A Spatial-Temporal Approach Based on Antenna Array for GNSS Anti-Spoofing","display_name":"A Spatial-Temporal Approach Based on Antenna Array for GNSS Anti-Spoofing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3128845857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030929","mag":"3128845857","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33573229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21030929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030929","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/929/pdf?version=1612339744","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/929/pdf?version=1612339744","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057447426","display_name":"Yuqing Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6237-3123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuqing Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069987140","display_name":"Feng Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3671-7014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101552980","display_name":"Guanghui Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2910-9870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100278","display_name":"Beijing Satellite Navigation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0188rvx33","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100278"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanghui Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation System and Equipment Technology, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation System and Equipment Technology, Shijiazhuang 050081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100278"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041180408","display_name":"Guochen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7571-7474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guochen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041180408"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.7227,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65914876,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"3","first_page":"929","last_page":"929"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8968360424041748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.7340787649154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6508921384811401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.5433328151702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.4530071020126343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-mitigation","display_name":"Multipath mitigation","score":0.45232802629470825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-of-arrival","display_name":"Direction of arrival","score":0.4315766990184784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-array","display_name":"Antenna array","score":0.4153135418891907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4131369888782501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.41024625301361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.37724021077156067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.25076282024383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2106652557849884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18053293228149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.07471433281898499}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8968360424041748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.7340787649154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6508921384811401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.5433328151702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.4530071020126343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776015439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25313558","display_name":"Multipath mitigation","level":4,"score":0.45232802629470825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172051844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5280438","display_name":"Direction of arrival","level":3,"score":0.4315766990184784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.4153135418891907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4131369888782501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.41024625301361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.37724021077156067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.25076282024383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2106652557849884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18053293228149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.07471433281898499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21030929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030929","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/929/pdf?version=1612339744","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33573229","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33573229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8a59eb206fb64eb8866daf6cf738881d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8a59eb206fb64eb8866daf6cf738881d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 3, p 929 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:6772391","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC7866517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/3/929/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030929","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 3; Pages: 929","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7866517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7866517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21030929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030929","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/929/pdf?version=1612339744","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3989643219","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61573117","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7594515570","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51909048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8078554387","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61673128","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3128845857.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3128845857.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1569031853","https://openalex.org/W1768240848","https://openalex.org/W1824580093","https://openalex.org/W1825983762","https://openalex.org/W1988091041","https://openalex.org/W1994477821","https://openalex.org/W2005801175","https://openalex.org/W2008055329","https://openalex.org/W2029938263","https://openalex.org/W2045740791","https://openalex.org/W2073403233","https://openalex.org/W2085910483","https://openalex.org/W2086878282","https://openalex.org/W2103077926","https://openalex.org/W2103665886","https://openalex.org/W2110336577","https://openalex.org/W2127912193","https://openalex.org/W2145118533","https://openalex.org/W2182984782","https://openalex.org/W2263776018","https://openalex.org/W2320527016","https://openalex.org/W2327737748","https://openalex.org/W2332630870","https://openalex.org/W2389176884","https://openalex.org/W2556487696","https://openalex.org/W2593150782","https://openalex.org/W2794295008","https://openalex.org/W2802488720","https://openalex.org/W2805117876","https://openalex.org/W2915899896","https://openalex.org/W2946441290","https://openalex.org/W2971360808","https://openalex.org/W3100615231"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3095455901","https://openalex.org/W4312670159","https://openalex.org/W3126564540","https://openalex.org/W2968223354","https://openalex.org/W3008363920","https://openalex.org/W4391128647","https://openalex.org/W2088717005","https://openalex.org/W3206448138","https://openalex.org/W4319430861","https://openalex.org/W3200530419"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,50,155,195,207],"presence":[1],"of":[2,23,31,78,177,213],"spoofing":[3,126,183,205],"signals":[4,142],"poses":[5],"a":[6,21,37,85],"significant":[7],"threat":[8],"to":[9,35,44,91,152],"global":[10],"navigation":[11,102],"satellite":[12],"system":[13],"(GNSS)-based":[14],"positioning":[15,25],"applications,":[16],"as":[17,120],"it":[18],"could":[19],"cause":[20],"malfunction":[22],"the":[24,28,66,93,98,105,117,125,140,146,175,181,211],"service.":[26],"Therefore,":[27],"main":[29],"objective":[30],"this":[32,83,193],"paper":[33],"is":[34,53,74,89,128,150],"present":[36],"spatial-temporal":[38],"technique":[39,157],"that":[40],"enables":[41],"GNSS":[42,178],"receivers":[43],"reliably":[45],"detect":[46],"and":[47,134,164,185,190,198],"suppress":[48,153],"spoofing.":[49,154],"technique,":[51],"which":[52],"based":[54],"on":[55,161,169],"antenna":[56],"array,":[57],"can":[58,165,187],"be":[59,166,188],"divided":[60],"into":[61],"two":[62],"consecutive":[63],"stages.":[64],"In":[65,104],"first":[67],"stage,":[68,107],"an":[69,110],"improved":[70],"eigen":[71],"space":[72],"spectrum":[73],"constructed":[75],"for":[76,101,113,203],"direction":[77],"arrival":[79],"(DOA)":[80],"estimation.":[81],"To":[82],"end,":[84],"signal":[86,94,173],"preprocessing":[87],"scheme":[88],"provided":[90],"solve":[92],"model":[95],"mismatch":[96],"in":[97],"DOA":[99,119,197],"estimation":[100,115],"signals.":[103],"second":[106],"we":[108,138],"design":[109],"optimization":[111],"problem":[112],"power":[114,132,199],"with":[116],"estimated":[118,196],"support":[121],"information.":[122],"After":[123],"that,":[124],"detection":[127],"achieved":[129],"by":[130,143,192],"combining":[131],"comparison":[133],"cross-correlation":[135],"monitoring.":[136],"Finally,":[137],"enhance":[139],"genuine":[141],"beamforming":[144],"while":[145],"subspace":[147],"oblique":[148],"projection":[149],"used":[151],"proposed":[156],"does":[158],"not":[159],"depend":[160],"external":[162],"hardware":[163],"readily":[167],"implemented":[168],"raw":[170],"digital":[171],"baseband":[172],"before":[174],"despreading":[176],"receivers.":[179],"Crucially,":[180],"low-power":[182],"attack":[184],"multipath":[186],"distinguished":[189],"mitigated":[191],"technique.":[194],"are":[200],"both":[201],"beneficial":[202],"subsequent":[204],"localization.":[206],"simulation":[208],"results":[209],"demonstrate":[210],"effectiveness":[212],"our":[214],"method.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
