{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3124197277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030851","title":"Low-Cost Unattended Design of Miniaturized 4 \u00d7 4 Butler Matrices with Nonstandard Phase Differences","display_name":"Low-Cost Unattended Design of Miniaturized 4 \u00d7 4 Butler Matrices with Nonstandard Phase Differences","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3124197277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030851","mag":"3124197277","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33513996"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21030851","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030851","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/851/pdf?version=1611906709","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/851/pdf?version=1611906709","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069954792","display_name":"Adrian Bekasiewicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0244-541X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169333911","display_name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/006x4sc24","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Bekasiewicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040400589","display_name":"S\u0142awomir Kozie\u0142","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9063-2647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123185442","display_name":"Reykjav\u00edk University","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2kyx68","country_code":"IS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123185442"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169333911","display_name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/006x4sc24","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}],"countries":["IS","PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Slawomir Koziel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Optimization &amp; Modeling Center, Reykjavik University, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland","Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Optimization &amp; Modeling Center, Reykjavik University, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123185442"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069954792"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.3036,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54302994,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"3","first_page":"851","last_page":"851"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11263","display_name":"Electromagnetic Simulation and Numerical Methods","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.6712977886199951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5885524749755859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.46806800365448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.45003175735473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4193267822265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.41594380140304565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.34808897972106934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.34544438123703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.24332377314567566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21162250638008118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.09552192687988281}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.6712977886199951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5885524749755859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.46806800365448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.45003175735473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4193267822265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.41594380140304565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.34808897972106934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.34544438123703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.24332377314567566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21162250638008118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.09552192687988281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21030851","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030851","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/851/pdf?version=1611906709","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33513996","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33513996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9a807bdb831d4babaf31e4e65530233b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9a807bdb831d4babaf31e4e65530233b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 3, p 851 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:6771398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC7865390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/3/851/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030851","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 3; Pages: 851","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opinvisindi.is:20.500.11815/2635","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/2635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401866","display_name":"Opin v\u00edsindi (Opin v\u00edsindi)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7865390","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7865390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21030851","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030851","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/851/pdf?version=1611906709","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335039","display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","ror":"https://ror.org/05pwfyy15"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3124197277.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3124197277.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W147377413","https://openalex.org/W147998453","https://openalex.org/W1498332621","https://openalex.org/W1523209109","https://openalex.org/W1529163756","https://openalex.org/W1553373771","https://openalex.org/W1595498733","https://openalex.org/W1975504760","https://openalex.org/W1982245987","https://openalex.org/W1997968629","https://openalex.org/W1999645283","https://openalex.org/W2022021404","https://openalex.org/W2028777965","https://openalex.org/W2046742684","https://openalex.org/W2062711257","https://openalex.org/W2076095889","https://openalex.org/W2077811549","https://openalex.org/W2108827978","https://openalex.org/W2109700282","https://openalex.org/W2121545316","https://openalex.org/W2133539128","https://openalex.org/W2142978823","https://openalex.org/W2143139219","https://openalex.org/W2148450585","https://openalex.org/W2201237000","https://openalex.org/W2277359619","https://openalex.org/W2296300005","https://openalex.org/W2318203554","https://openalex.org/W2336499451","https://openalex.org/W2560123413","https://openalex.org/W2605706051","https://openalex.org/W2619887383","https://openalex.org/W2770007205","https://openalex.org/W2795695060","https://openalex.org/W2801792228","https://openalex.org/W2808469262","https://openalex.org/W2900627220","https://openalex.org/W2904732813","https://openalex.org/W2919719417","https://openalex.org/W2943193544","https://openalex.org/W2945657997","https://openalex.org/W2978997192","https://openalex.org/W2980723137","https://openalex.org/W2981418883","https://openalex.org/W2993427359","https://openalex.org/W2995376830","https://openalex.org/W3006419836","https://openalex.org/W3013870600","https://openalex.org/W3014375976","https://openalex.org/W3022189541","https://openalex.org/W3035787528","https://openalex.org/W3035817783","https://openalex.org/W3043779764","https://openalex.org/W3048052158","https://openalex.org/W4213224356","https://openalex.org/W4299689903","https://openalex.org/W6606002767","https://openalex.org/W6736115689"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2595172197","https://openalex.org/W2084856301","https://openalex.org/W2127970246","https://openalex.org/W2885125400","https://openalex.org/W1989889224","https://openalex.org/W4382618745","https://openalex.org/W1973775000","https://openalex.org/W2748922771","https://openalex.org/W2037233131","https://openalex.org/W2991669302"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Design":[0],"of":[1,7,21,31,35,47,65,84,95,123,142,157,164,193,198],"Butler":[2,48,70,201],"matrices":[3,71,110,144],"dedicated":[4,170],"to":[5,88,136,171],"Internet":[6],"Things":[8],"and":[9,17,62,93,98,148,154,195],"5th":[10],"generation":[11],"(5G)":[12],"mobile":[13,168],"systems-where":[14],"small":[15],"size":[16,153],"high":[18],"performance":[19,194],"are":[20,145,204],"primary":[22],"concern-is":[23],"a":[24,41,56,82,174],"challenging":[25],"task":[26],"that":[27,119],"often":[28],"exceeds":[29],"capabilities":[30],"conventional":[32,138],"techniques.":[33],"Lack":[34],"appropriate,":[36],"unified":[37],"design":[38,64,125],"approaches":[39],"is":[40,72,105,131],"serious":[42],"bottleneck":[43],"for":[44,50,60,167],"the":[45,96,120,124,128,137,162,185,189,199],"development":[46],"structures":[49,180],"contemporary":[51],"applications.":[52],"In":[53],"this":[54],"work,":[55],"low-cost":[57],"bottom-up":[58],"procedure":[59],"rigorous":[61],"unattended":[63],"miniaturized":[66,109],"4":[67,69],"\u00d7":[68],"proposed.":[73],"The":[74,103,140],"presented":[75,129],"approach":[76],"exploits":[77],"numerical":[78],"algorithms":[79],"(governed":[80],"by":[81],"set":[83],"suitable":[85],"objective":[86],"functions)":[87],"control":[89],"synthesis,":[90],"implementation,":[91],"optimization,":[92],"fine-tuning":[94],"structure":[97],"its":[99],"individual":[100],"building":[101],"blocks.":[102],"framework":[104,130],"demonstrated":[106],"using":[107,127],"two":[108],"with":[111],"nonstandard":[112],"output-port":[113],"phase":[114],"differences.":[115],"Numerical":[116],"results":[117],"indicate":[118],"computational":[121],"cost":[122],"process":[126],"over":[132],"80%":[133],"lower":[134],"compared":[135],"approach.":[139],"footprints":[141],"optimized":[143],"only":[146],"696":[147],"767":[149],"mm<sup>2</sup>,":[150],"respectively.":[151],"Small":[152],"operation":[155],"frequency":[156],"around":[158],"2.6":[159],"GHz":[160,176],"make":[161],"circuits":[163],"potential":[165],"use":[166],"devices":[169],"work":[172],"within":[173],"sub-6":[175],"5G":[177],"spectrum.":[178],"Both":[179],"have":[181],"been":[182],"benchmarked":[183],"against":[184],"state-of-the-art":[186],"designs":[187],"from":[188],"literature":[190],"in":[191],"terms":[192],"size.":[196],"Measurements":[197],"fabricated":[200],"matrix":[202],"prototype":[203],"also":[205],"provided.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}