{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3123878341","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030832","title":"FPGA Implementation for Odor Identification with Depthwise Separable Convolutional Neural Network","display_name":"FPGA Implementation for Odor Identification with Depthwise Separable Convolutional Neural Network","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3123878341","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030832","mag":"3123878341","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33513692"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21030832","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030832","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/832/pdf?version=1612262258","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/832/pdf?version=1612262258","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032875241","display_name":"Zhuofeng Mo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139024713","display_name":"Guangdong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04azbjn80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuofeng Mo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006865706","display_name":"Dehan Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8111-3140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139024713","display_name":"Guangdong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04azbjn80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dehan Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011044088","display_name":"Tengteng Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9286-0336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139024713","display_name":"Guangdong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04azbjn80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tengteng Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022741226","display_name":"Yu Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6717-5727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139024713","display_name":"Guangdong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04azbjn80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6717-5727","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100353885","display_name":"Xin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4971-5686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139024713","display_name":"Guangdong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04azbjn80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011044088"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.4433,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79372397,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"3","first_page":"832","last_page":"832"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12321","display_name":"Insect Pheromone Research and Control","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8906088471412659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7454307675361633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7116153240203857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-nose","display_name":"Electronic nose","score":0.673319399356842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.550385057926178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.5474349856376648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5348851084709167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47462308406829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.47050613164901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40765300393104553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.39261698722839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3519250750541687}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8906088471412659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7454307675361633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7116153240203857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23895516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550092","display_name":"Electronic nose","level":2,"score":0.673319399356842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.550385057926178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5474349856376648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5348851084709167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47462308406829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.47050613164901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40765300393104553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39261698722839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3519250750541687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21030832","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030832","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/832/pdf?version=1612262258","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33513692","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33513692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:76deec1003b1453e96da6da76c93ea01","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/76deec1003b1453e96da6da76c93ea01","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 3, p 832 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:6771886","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC7865880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/3/832/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030832","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 3; Pages: 832","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7865880","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7865880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21030832","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030832","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/832/pdf?version=1612262258","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5277798209","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u4eff\u751f\u55c5\u89c9\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u6c14\u5473\u55c5\u9891\u63d0\u53d6\u53ca\u590d\u73b0\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61571140","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3123878341.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3123878341.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1542528701","https://openalex.org/W1544251614","https://openalex.org/W1972460593","https://openalex.org/W1989261622","https://openalex.org/W2004995369","https://openalex.org/W2028927250","https://openalex.org/W2051402402","https://openalex.org/W2066992433","https://openalex.org/W2099238843","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2101241722","https://openalex.org/W2103399824","https://openalex.org/W2125138547","https://openalex.org/W2143952347","https://openalex.org/W2166858657","https://openalex.org/W2172654076","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2525740295","https://openalex.org/W2729080111","https://openalex.org/W2734687659","https://openalex.org/W2741034676","https://openalex.org/W2748818695","https://openalex.org/W2758818073","https://openalex.org/W2796438033","https://openalex.org/W2798742790","https://openalex.org/W2886224838","https://openalex.org/W2907579173","https://openalex.org/W2908921601","https://openalex.org/W2931664413","https://openalex.org/W2944779197","https://openalex.org/W2946050306","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2964185734","https://openalex.org/W2965428057","https://openalex.org/W2968747450","https://openalex.org/W2970325348","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W2972343638","https://openalex.org/W2982083293","https://openalex.org/W2984182050","https://openalex.org/W2992435888","https://openalex.org/W3003466106","https://openalex.org/W3046219102","https://openalex.org/W3048926634","https://openalex.org/W3084012071","https://openalex.org/W3088193297","https://openalex.org/W6632578297","https://openalex.org/W6675354045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056596841","https://openalex.org/W2349581046","https://openalex.org/W2080410076","https://openalex.org/W2912293709","https://openalex.org/W1596740836","https://openalex.org/W2536125181","https://openalex.org/W1982974357","https://openalex.org/W2081756653","https://openalex.org/W2523761394","https://openalex.org/W2086179153"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,112],"integrated":[1,23],"electronic":[2],"nose":[3],"(e-nose)":[4],"design,":[5],"which":[6],"integrates":[7],"sensor":[8],"arrays":[9],"and":[10,38,85,122,125,137],"recognition":[11],"algorithms,":[12],"has":[13],"been":[14],"widely":[15],"used":[16],"in":[17,61,95,141],"different":[18],"fields.":[19],"However,":[20],"the":[21,29,91,102,106,117,142],"current":[22],"e-nose":[24],"system":[25],"usually":[26],"suffers":[27],"from":[28],"problem":[30],"of":[31],"low":[32],"accuracy":[33],"with":[34,41,73],"simple":[35],"algorithm":[36,43],"structure":[37],"slow":[39],"speed":[40],"complex":[42],"structure.":[44],"In":[45],"this":[46],"article,":[47],"we":[48],"propose":[49],"a":[50,54,62,69,96],"method":[51],"for":[52,58],"implementing":[53],"deep":[55],"neural":[56,77],"network":[57,78],"odor":[59,71,139],"identification":[60,72,140],"small-scale":[63],"Field-Programmable":[64],"Gate":[65],"Array":[66],"(FPGA).":[67],"First,":[68],"lightweight":[70],"depthwise":[74],"separable":[75],"convolutional":[76],"(OI-DSCNN)":[79],"is":[80,93],"proposed":[81],"to":[82],"reduce":[83],"parameters":[84],"accelerate":[86],"hardware":[87,126],"implementation":[88,127],"performance.":[89],"Next,":[90],"OI-DSCNN":[92,113],"implemented":[94],"Zynq-7020":[97],"SoC":[98],"chip":[99],"based":[100],"on":[101,116,135],"quantization":[103],"method,":[104],"namely,":[105],"saturation-flooring":[107],"KL":[108],"divergence":[109],"scheme":[110],"(SF-KL).":[111],"was":[114],"conducted":[115],"Chinese":[118],"herbal":[119],"medicine":[120],"dataset,":[121],"simulation":[123],"experiments":[124],"validate":[128],"its":[129],"effectiveness.":[130],"These":[131],"findings":[132],"shed":[133],"light":[134],"quick":[136],"accurate":[138],"FPGA.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-07T08:38:57.713557","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
