{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3125103848","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030742","title":"Early Detection of Plant Viral Disease Using Hyperspectral Imaging and Deep Learning","display_name":"Early Detection of Plant Viral Disease Using Hyperspectral Imaging and Deep Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3125103848","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030742","mag":"3125103848","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33499335"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21030742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030742","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/742/pdf?version=1611327114","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/742/pdf?version=1611327114","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076916845","display_name":"Canh Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47838141","display_name":"Saint Louis University","ror":"https://ror.org/01p7jjy08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47838141"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Canh Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA","Geospatial Institute, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47838141"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geospatial Institute, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47838141"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056753431","display_name":"Vasit Sagan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4375-2096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47838141","display_name":"Saint Louis University","ror":"https://ror.org/01p7jjy08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47838141"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vasit Sagan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA","Geospatial Institute, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47838141"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geospatial Institute, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47838141"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001527660","display_name":"Matthew Maimaitiyiming","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4241-6181"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Maimaitiyiming","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Food Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Food Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062377487","display_name":"Maitiniyazi Maimaitijiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6153-1583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47838141","display_name":"Saint Louis University","ror":"https://ror.org/01p7jjy08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47838141"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maitiniyazi Maimaitijiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA","Geospatial Institute, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47838141"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geospatial Institute, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47838141"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035785614","display_name":"Sourav Bhadra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5832-4695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47838141","display_name":"Saint Louis University","ror":"https://ror.org/01p7jjy08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47838141"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sourav Bhadra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA","Geospatial Institute, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47838141"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geospatial Institute, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47838141"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061703992","display_name":"Misha T. Kwasniewski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3097-9638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Misha T. Kwasniewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Food Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA","Division of Food Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Food Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Food Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056753431"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47838141"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":27.5846,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":263,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99833469,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"3","first_page":"742","last_page":"742"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.9194799661636353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vineyard","display_name":"Vineyard","score":0.6560488939285278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endmember","display_name":"Endmember","score":0.5655698776245117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-signature","display_name":"Spectral signature","score":0.5637713074684143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vine","display_name":"Vine","score":0.5502470135688782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5491424798965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.4344406723976135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4333066940307617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3861481845378876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3328389823436737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.30480462312698364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.22160473465919495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horticulture","display_name":"Horticulture","score":0.20818600058555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.15666010975837708}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.9194799661636353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780924976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22715","display_name":"Vineyard","level":2,"score":0.6560488939285278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58237817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5376204","display_name":"Endmember","level":3,"score":0.5655698776245117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176641082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2446767","display_name":"Spectral signature","level":2,"score":0.5637713074684143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781214258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917284","display_name":"Vine","level":2,"score":0.5502470135688782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5491424798965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.4344406723976135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4333066940307617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3861481845378876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3328389823436737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30480462312698364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.22160473465919495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.20818600058555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15666010975837708}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000081862","descriptor_name":"Hyperspectral Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000081862","descriptor_name":"Hyperspectral Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000081862","descriptor_name":"Hyperspectral Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005387","descriptor_name":"Finland","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005387","descriptor_name":"Finland","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005387","descriptor_name":"Finland","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010935","descriptor_name":"Plant Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010935","descriptor_name":"Plant Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010935","descriptor_name":"Plant Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010942","descriptor_name":"Plant Viruses","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010942","descriptor_name":"Plant Viruses","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010942","descriptor_name":"Plant Viruses","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019195","descriptor_name":"Badnavirus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019195","descriptor_name":"Badnavirus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019195","descriptor_name":"Badnavirus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21030742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030742","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/742/pdf?version=1611327114","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33499335","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33499335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:195cb0f73619481f8e11bd0953d5cd15","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/195cb0f73619481f8e11bd0953d5cd15","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 3, p 742 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:6772110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC7866105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/3/742/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 3; Pages: 742","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7866105","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7866105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21030742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030742","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/742/pdf?version=1611327114","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6345564128","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNX15AK03H","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3125103848.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3125103848.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":99,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1554230853","https://openalex.org/W1662323679","https://openalex.org/W1967756167","https://openalex.org/W1971070487","https://openalex.org/W1971908203","https://openalex.org/W1989844834","https://openalex.org/W1999495967","https://openalex.org/W2003164668","https://openalex.org/W2003724897","https://openalex.org/W2011475440","https://openalex.org/W2012686349","https://openalex.org/W2018334443","https://openalex.org/W2019610851","https://openalex.org/W2025757188","https://openalex.org/W2026184927","https://openalex.org/W2027140534","https://openalex.org/W2029567272","https://openalex.org/W2029598006","https://openalex.org/W2030233869","https://openalex.org/W2030452505","https://openalex.org/W2036003376","https://openalex.org/W2039604550","https://openalex.org/W2042052113","https://openalex.org/W2056352756","https://openalex.org/W2065191898","https://openalex.org/W2065803493","https://openalex.org/W2077653178","https://openalex.org/W2078996926","https://openalex.org/W2085613837","https://openalex.org/W2089441588","https://openalex.org/W2098057602","https://openalex.org/W2098188176","https://openalex.org/W2098247895","https://openalex.org/W2106367330","https://openalex.org/W2106403967","https://openalex.org/W2111256709","https://openalex.org/W2113283209","https://openalex.org/W2132527497","https://openalex.org/W2140553384","https://openalex.org/W2148973996","https://openalex.org/W2153977564","https://openalex.org/W2157760685","https://openalex.org/W2159961845","https://openalex.org/W2161815745","https://openalex.org/W2163410149","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2165916500","https://openalex.org/W2384464152","https://openalex.org/W2413224308","https://openalex.org/W2490548105","https://openalex.org/W2508836678","https://openalex.org/W2513191602","https://openalex.org/W2537906254","https://openalex.org/W2541120896","https://openalex.org/W2598591505","https://openalex.org/W2625496244","https://openalex.org/W2702736887","https://openalex.org/W2729026695","https://openalex.org/W2761176843","https://openalex.org/W2780615681","https://openalex.org/W2790739169","https://openalex.org/W2791303772","https://openalex.org/W2795591326","https://openalex.org/W2802484952","https://openalex.org/W2900530850","https://openalex.org/W2904063712","https://openalex.org/W2906082851","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2912977378","https://openalex.org/W2933596302","https://openalex.org/W2951898785","https://openalex.org/W2954187519","https://openalex.org/W2954834555","https://openalex.org/W2956702585","https://openalex.org/W2969933026","https://openalex.org/W2982381523","https://openalex.org/W2985562269","https://openalex.org/W2989983865","https://openalex.org/W3002050421","https://openalex.org/W3005983617","https://openalex.org/W3006993985","https://openalex.org/W3015196198","https://openalex.org/W3016537670","https://openalex.org/W3035180218","https://openalex.org/W3036102395","https://openalex.org/W3037641248","https://openalex.org/W3080400661","https://openalex.org/W3081925556","https://openalex.org/W3091107621","https://openalex.org/W3094130103","https://openalex.org/W3213429084","https://openalex.org/W4232024493","https://openalex.org/W4251327477","https://openalex.org/W4319289039","https://openalex.org/W6633322063","https://openalex.org/W6682033259","https://openalex.org/W6740309195","https://openalex.org/W6775613672","https://openalex.org/W6849296793"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3097030838","https://openalex.org/W1802164710","https://openalex.org/W1602246562","https://openalex.org/W2477996591","https://openalex.org/W4256051447","https://openalex.org/W2972812246","https://openalex.org/W78899793","https://openalex.org/W4236138846","https://openalex.org/W4255262242","https://openalex.org/W2993388975"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Early":[0],"detection":[1],"of":[2,102,154,218,319],"grapevine":[3,58,90,126],"viral":[4,31],"diseases":[5,32],"is":[6],"critical":[7],"for":[8],"early":[9,64],"interventions":[10],"in":[11,33,152,167,200,205,221,265,278,308],"order":[12],"to":[13,19,46,123,133,157],"prevent":[14],"the":[15,20,43,53,63,158,191,196,201,213,226,253,258,273,289,302],"disease":[16],"from":[17,311],"spreading":[18],"entire":[21,214],"vineyard.":[22],"Hyperspectral":[23,117],"remote":[24],"sensing":[25],"can":[26],"potentially":[27],"detect":[28],"and":[29,48,94,121,141,150,182,212,244,247,280,287],"quantify":[30],"a":[34,73,108,176,316],"nondestructive":[35],"manner.":[36],"This":[37],"study":[38],"utilized":[39],"hyperspectral":[40,113,312],"imagery":[41],"at":[42,62,72,76],"plant":[44,236],"level":[45],"identify":[47],"classify":[49],"grapevines":[50],"inoculated":[51],"with":[52,88,169,268,283,315],"newly":[54],"discovered":[55],"DNA":[56],"virus":[57,60],"vein-clearing":[59],"(GVCV)":[61],"asymptomatic":[65],"stages.":[66],"An":[67],"experiment":[68],"was":[69,131,165,263],"set":[70],"up":[71],"test":[74],"site":[75],"South":[77],"Farm":[78],"Research":[79],"Center,":[80],"Columbia,":[81],"MO,":[82],"USA":[83],"(38.92":[84],"N,":[85],"-92.28":[86],"W),":[87],"two":[89,135],"groups,":[91],"namely":[92],"healthy":[93,140],"GVCV-infected,":[95],"while":[96,272],"other":[97],"conditions":[98],"were":[99,105,119,148,252],"controlled.":[100],"Images":[101],"each":[103],"vine":[104],"captured":[106],"by":[107],"SPECIM":[109],"IQ":[110],"400-1000":[111],"nm":[112,198,220],"sensor":[114],"(Oulu,":[115],"Finland).":[116],"images":[118],"calibrated":[120],"preprocessed":[122],"retain":[124],"only":[125],"pixels.":[127],"A":[128],"statistical":[129],"approach":[130],"employed":[132],"discriminate":[134],"reflectance":[136,238],"spectra":[137],"patterns":[138],"between":[139],"GVCV":[142],"vines.":[143],"Disease-centric":[144],"vegetation":[145],"indices":[146],"(VIs)":[147],"established":[149],"explored":[151],"terms":[153],"their":[155],"importance":[156],"classification":[159,164,174,267,282],"power.":[160],"Pixel-wise":[161],"(spectral":[162],"features)":[163,173],"performed":[166,276],"parallel":[168],"image-wise":[170,281],"(joint":[171],"spatial-spectral":[172],"within":[175],"framework":[177],"involving":[178],"deep":[179],"learning":[180,309],"architectures":[181],"traditional":[183],"machine":[184,261],"learning.":[185],"The":[186],"results":[187,300],"showed":[188],"that:":[189],"(1)":[190],"discriminative":[192,255],"wavelength":[193],"regions":[194],"included":[195],"900-940":[197],"range":[199],"near-infrared":[202],"(NIR)":[203],"region":[204,217],"vines":[206,222],"30":[207],"days":[208],"after":[209],"sowing":[210],"(DAS)":[211],"visual":[215],"(VIS)":[216],"400-700":[219],"90":[223],"DAS;":[224],"(2)":[225],"normalized":[227],"pheophytization":[228],"index":[229,233,239,242],"(NPQI),":[230],"fluorescence":[231],"ratio":[232],"1":[234],"(FRI1),":[235],"senescence":[237],"(PSRI),":[240],"anthocyanin":[241],"(AntGitelson),":[243],"water":[245],"stress":[246],"canopy":[248],"temperature":[249],"(WSCT)":[250],"measures":[251],"most":[254],"indices;":[256],"(3)":[257],"support":[259],"vector":[260],"(SVM)":[262],"effective":[264],"VI-wise":[266],"smaller":[269],"feature":[270,285,296],"spaces,":[271],"RF":[274],"classifier":[275],"better":[277],"pixel-wise":[279],"larger":[284],"spaces;":[286],"(4)":[288],"automated":[290],"3D":[291],"convolutional":[292,304],"neural":[293,305],"network":[294,306],"(3D-CNN)":[295],"extractor":[297],"provided":[298],"promising":[299],"over":[301],"2D":[303],"(2D-CNN)":[307],"features":[310],"data":[313],"cubes":[314],"limited":[317],"number":[318],"samples.":[320]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":85},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-03-14T08:43:22.919905","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}