{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3119436194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020505","title":"Automatic Cephalometric Landmark Identification System Based on the Multi-Stage Convolutional Neural Networks with CBCT Combination Images","display_name":"Automatic Cephalometric Landmark Identification System Based on the Multi-Stage Convolutional Neural Networks with CBCT Combination Images","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3119436194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020505","mag":"3119436194","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33445758"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21020505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020505","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/2/505/pdf?version=1610518626","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/2/505/pdf?version=1610518626","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100333878","display_name":"Minjung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0386-0511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min-Jung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100330514","display_name":"Yi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2854-9674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057287330","display_name":"Song Hee Oh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5508-289X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Hee Oh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5508-289X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025184202","display_name":"Hyo\u2010Won Ahn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4872-7095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyo-Won Ahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4872-7095","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100723856","display_name":"Seong\u2010Hun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5030-1894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seong-Hun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103149080","display_name":"Gerald Nelson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1392-7505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerald Nelson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Orthodontics, Department of Orofacial Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1392-7505","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Orthodontics, Department of Orofacial Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100723856"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":6.6711,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97562335,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"2","first_page":"505","last_page":"505"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.8063859939575195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.79038405418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6910088658332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.6260888576507568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6001244783401489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5748013257980347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5188013911247253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cephalometry","display_name":"Cephalometry","score":0.5014431476593018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cephalometric-analysis","display_name":"Cephalometric analysis","score":0.4640827178955078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.4188770651817322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3680225610733032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthodontics","display_name":"Orthodontics","score":0.2702403664588928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.15785929560661316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.8063859939575195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.79038405418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6910088658332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.6260888576507568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6001244783401489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5748013257980347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5188013911247253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777081826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2418904","display_name":"Cephalometry","level":2,"score":0.5014431476593018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779333352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5063294","display_name":"Cephalometric analysis","level":2,"score":0.4640827178955078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.4188770651817322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3680225610733032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29694066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301","display_name":"Orthodontics","level":1,"score":0.2702403664588928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.15785929560661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002508","descriptor_name":"Cephalometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002508","descriptor_name":"Cephalometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002508","descriptor_name":"Cephalometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002508","descriptor_name":"Cephalometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019465","descriptor_name":"Craniofacial Abnormalities","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019465","descriptor_name":"Craniofacial Abnormalities","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019465","descriptor_name":"Craniofacial Abnormalities","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019465","descriptor_name":"Craniofacial Abnormalities","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054893","descriptor_name":"Cone-Beam Computed Tomography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054893","descriptor_name":"Cone-Beam Computed Tomography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054893","descriptor_name":"Cone-Beam Computed Tomography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054893","descriptor_name":"Cone-Beam Computed Tomography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059925","descriptor_name":"Anatomic Landmarks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059925","descriptor_name":"Anatomic Landmarks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059925","descriptor_name":"Anatomic Landmarks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059925","descriptor_name":"Anatomic Landmarks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21020505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020505","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/2/505/pdf?version=1610518626","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33445758","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33445758","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fb12e5d205464f77a6b56fedd5379c8e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fb12e5d205464f77a6b56fedd5379c8e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 2, p 505 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:6734180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC7828192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/2/505/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020505","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 2; Pages: 505","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7828192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7828192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21020505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020505","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/2/505/pdf?version=1610518626","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3119436194.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3119436194.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1517067764","https://openalex.org/W1958624153","https://openalex.org/W2019300001","https://openalex.org/W2027752865","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2079883458","https://openalex.org/W2093702301","https://openalex.org/W2102012860","https://openalex.org/W2104438494","https://openalex.org/W2104977442","https://openalex.org/W2140972007","https://openalex.org/W2155780329","https://openalex.org/W2167193944","https://openalex.org/W2171567373","https://openalex.org/W2175082661","https://openalex.org/W2183630003","https://openalex.org/W2344346841","https://openalex.org/W2346062110","https://openalex.org/W2401428232","https://openalex.org/W2522168735","https://openalex.org/W2548377017","https://openalex.org/W2569670712","https://openalex.org/W2576404523","https://openalex.org/W2617669016","https://openalex.org/W2725258829","https://openalex.org/W2738986699","https://openalex.org/W2752517284","https://openalex.org/W2796376207","https://openalex.org/W2900858611","https://openalex.org/W2901044295","https://openalex.org/W2905606573","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2962455611","https://openalex.org/W2963943687","https://openalex.org/W2983894279","https://openalex.org/W2995942064","https://openalex.org/W2996400058","https://openalex.org/W3003196856","https://openalex.org/W3021615148","https://openalex.org/W3025021254","https://openalex.org/W3031078448","https://openalex.org/W3042828878","https://openalex.org/W3087313732","https://openalex.org/W3092450142","https://openalex.org/W3101294892","https://openalex.org/W3135582193","https://openalex.org/W3176630148","https://openalex.org/W6631149157","https://openalex.org/W6675545634","https://openalex.org/W6685104986","https://openalex.org/W6713088330","https://openalex.org/W6777184143"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3138013839","https://openalex.org/W1562445101","https://openalex.org/W4311251183","https://openalex.org/W2983841782","https://openalex.org/W2375053091","https://openalex.org/W2070461104","https://openalex.org/W4285234462","https://openalex.org/W2157421299","https://openalex.org/W2130446220","https://openalex.org/W3036945745"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"was":[2,72],"designed":[3],"to":[4,50],"develop":[5],"and":[6,32,39,59,93,100],"verify":[7],"a":[8,24,52,123],"fully":[9],"automated":[10],"cephalometry":[11],"landmark":[12,125],"identification":[13,126],"system,":[14,127],"based":[15,128],"on":[16,129],"multi-stage":[17,34,130],"convolutional":[18],"neural":[19],"networks":[20],"(CNNs)":[21],"architecture,":[22],"using":[23],"combination":[25,53],"dataset.":[26,54],"In":[27,104],"this":[28],"research,":[29],"we":[30],"trained":[31],"tested":[33],"CNNs":[35],"with":[36],"430":[37,40],"lateral":[38,42],"MIP":[41],"cephalograms":[43],"synthesized":[44],"by":[45,62],"cone-beam":[46],"computed":[47],"tomography":[48],"(CBCT)":[49],"make":[51],"Fifteen":[55],"landmarks":[56],"were":[57,97],"manually":[58],"respectively":[60],"identified":[61],"experienced":[63],"examiner,":[64],"at":[65],"the":[66,85,113,119],"preprocessing":[67],"phase.":[68],"The":[69,80],"intra-examiner":[70],"reliability":[71],"high":[73],"(ICC":[74],"=":[75],"0.99)":[76],"in":[77],"manual":[78],"identification.":[79],"results":[81],"of":[82,84,108,115,122],"prediction":[83,120],"system":[86],"for":[87],"average":[88],"mean":[89],"radial":[90],"error":[91],"(MRE)":[92],"standard":[94],"deviation":[95],"(SD)":[96],"1.03":[98],"mm":[99],"1.29":[101],"mm,":[102],"respectively.":[103],"conclusion,":[105],"different":[106],"types":[107],"image":[109],"data":[110],"might":[111],"be":[112],"one":[114],"factors":[116],"that":[117],"affect":[118],"accuracy":[121],"fully-automated":[124],"CNNs.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
