{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3120432185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020423","title":"Improving the Ambient Temperature Control Performance in Smart Homes and Buildings","display_name":"Improving the Ambient Temperature Control Performance in Smart Homes and Buildings","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3120432185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020423","mag":"3120432185","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33435336"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21020423","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020423","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/2/423/pdf?version=1610180646","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/2/423/pdf?version=1610180646","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071019478","display_name":"Fernando A. C. C. Fontes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3516-5094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60858718","display_name":"University of Aveiro","ror":"https://ror.org/00nt41z93","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fernando Fontes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departament of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics (DETI), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departament of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics (DETI), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036308035","display_name":"R\u00f3mulo Ant\u00e3o","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7925-7869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60858718","display_name":"University of Aveiro","ror":"https://ror.org/00nt41z93","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R\u00f3mulo Ant\u00e3o","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departament of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics (DETI), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7925-7869","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departament of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics (DETI), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063289308","display_name":"Alexandre Mota","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2383-9370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60858718","display_name":"University of Aveiro","ror":"https://ror.org/00nt41z93","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandre Mota","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departament of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics (DETI), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2383-9370","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departament of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics (DETI), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007993020","display_name":"Paulo Pedreiras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0230-8714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60858718","display_name":"University of Aveiro","ror":"https://ror.org/00nt41z93","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulo Pedreiras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departament of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics (DETI), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal","Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0230-8714","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departament of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics (DETI), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071019478"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.9369,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69339594,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"2","first_page":"423","last_page":"423"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11529","display_name":"Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/building-automation","display_name":"Building automation","score":0.530204176902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5285771489143372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5217252969741821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4843062460422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.48155859112739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3990843892097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3636283576488495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3391197919845581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3265310525894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3026333749294281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2017681896686554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08239522576332092}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83931994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149653","display_name":"Building automation","level":2,"score":0.530204176902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5285771489143372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5217252969741821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4843062460422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.48155859112739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3990843892097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3636283576488495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3391197919845581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3265310525894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3026333749294281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2017681896686554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08239522576332092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21020423","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020423","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/2/423/pdf?version=1610180646","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33435336","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33435336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:13a8c8088d5446e7b2f9e7d3498da1a6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/13a8c8088d5446e7b2f9e7d3498da1a6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 2, p 423 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:6732829","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC7826738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/2/423/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020423","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 2; Pages: 423","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7826738","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7826738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21020423","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020423","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/2/423/pdf?version=1610180646","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328988","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3120432185.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3120432185.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484029254","https://openalex.org/W1597459259","https://openalex.org/W1914493662","https://openalex.org/W1947320420","https://openalex.org/W1974746172","https://openalex.org/W1986685922","https://openalex.org/W2000049305","https://openalex.org/W2009086986","https://openalex.org/W2012671466","https://openalex.org/W2017424399","https://openalex.org/W2040085420","https://openalex.org/W2045578358","https://openalex.org/W2053113736","https://openalex.org/W2072858410","https://openalex.org/W2074148657","https://openalex.org/W2074301305","https://openalex.org/W2094612036","https://openalex.org/W2099776545","https://openalex.org/W2128145993","https://openalex.org/W2136537511","https://openalex.org/W2138655319","https://openalex.org/W2345588334","https://openalex.org/W2541926882","https://openalex.org/W2559816743","https://openalex.org/W2680333808","https://openalex.org/W2729147707","https://openalex.org/W2763143535","https://openalex.org/W2768410275","https://openalex.org/W2900981450","https://openalex.org/W2914794116","https://openalex.org/W2967965282","https://openalex.org/W2988545412","https://openalex.org/W2996559127","https://openalex.org/W4210975811","https://openalex.org/W6679253083"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2377022227","https://openalex.org/W2358731986","https://openalex.org/W99300660","https://openalex.org/W4200325458","https://openalex.org/W2166490913","https://openalex.org/W2374383071","https://openalex.org/W2374502132","https://openalex.org/W4242682954","https://openalex.org/W4391423612","https://openalex.org/W2521327745"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Currently,":[0],"it":[1],"is":[2,108],"becoming":[3],"increasingly":[4],"common":[5],"to":[6,32,55],"find":[7],"numerous":[8],"electronic":[9],"devices":[10,24],"installed":[11],"in":[12,85,111,135,142,205],"office":[13],"and":[14,35,41,45,98,113,127,151,184,196],"residential":[15],"spaces":[16],"as":[17,39,146],"part":[18],"of":[19,29,80,131,179],"building":[20],"automation":[21],"solutions.":[22],"These":[23],"provide":[25],"a":[26,189],"rich":[27],"set":[28],"data":[30],"related":[31],"the":[33,76,129,132,170,177,180,203,206],"inside":[34],"outside":[36],"environment,":[37],"such":[38,71,145],"indoor":[40],"outdoor":[42],"temperature,":[43,100],"humidity,":[44],"solar":[46,96],"radiation.":[47],"However,":[48],"commercial":[49],"of-the-shelf":[50],"climatic":[51],"control":[52,152,185],"systems":[53],"continue":[54],"rely":[56],"on":[57,89,192,197],"simple":[58,159],"controllers":[59,122,126,137],"like":[60],"proportional-integral-derivative":[61],"or":[62],"even":[63],"on-off,":[64],"which":[65],"do":[66],"not":[67],"take":[68],"into":[69],"account":[70],"variables.":[72],"This":[73,106],"work":[74],"evaluates":[75],"potential":[77],"performance":[78,140],"gains":[79,141],"adopting":[81],"more":[82],"advanced":[83],"controllers,":[84],"this":[86],"case":[87],"based":[88],"pole-placement,":[90],"enhanced":[91],"with":[92,102,158],"additional":[93,133,171],"variables,":[94],"namely":[95],"radiation":[97],"external":[99],"obtained":[101,117,167],"dedicated":[103],"low-cost":[104],"sensors.":[105],"approach":[107],"evaluated":[109],"both":[110],"simulated":[112],"real-world":[114],"environments.":[115],"The":[116,162],"results":[118],"show":[119],"that":[120,128],"pole-placement":[121,136],"clearly":[123],"outperform":[124],"on-off":[125],"use":[130],"variables":[134,172],"allows":[138],"relevant":[139],"key":[143],"parameters":[144],"error":[147,181],"signal":[148,153,182,186],"MSE":[149,183],"(17%)":[150],"variance":[154,187],"(40%),":[155],"when":[156],"compared":[157],"PP":[160],"controllers.":[161],"observed":[163],"energy":[164,193],"consumption":[165,194],"savings":[166],"by":[168],"using":[169],"are":[173],"marginal":[174],"(\u22481%,":[175],"but":[176],"reduction":[178],"have":[188],"significant":[190],"impact":[191],"peaks":[195],"equipment":[198],"lifetime,":[199],"thus":[200],"largely":[201],"compensating":[202],"increase":[204],"system":[207],"complexity.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}