{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3115615603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010159","title":"Collective Perception: A Safety Perspective","display_name":"Collective Perception: A Safety Perspective","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3115615603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010159","mag":"3115615603","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33383748"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21010159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010159","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/1/159/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/1/159/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056922928","display_name":"Florian A. Schiegg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6889-4878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","display_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","ror":"https://ror.org/0304hq317","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889804353","display_name":"Robert Bosch (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01fe0jt45","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}],"countries":["CN","DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Florian A. Schiegg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Corporate Research\u2014Advanced Engineering Connected Mobility Systems, Robert Bosch GmbH, Robert-Bosch-Stra\u00dfe 200, 31139 Hildesheim, Germany","Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Cao\u2019an Highway (Jiading), Shanghai 201804, China","Institute of Communications Technology, Leibniz University of Hannover, Appelstra\u00dfe 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6889-4878","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Corporate Research\u2014Advanced Engineering Connected Mobility Systems, Robert Bosch GmbH, Robert-Bosch-Stra\u00dfe 200, 31139 Hildesheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Cao\u2019an Highway (Jiading), Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Communications Technology, Leibniz University of Hannover, Appelstra\u00dfe 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053043913","display_name":"Ignacio Ll\u00e1tser","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889804353","display_name":"Robert Bosch (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01fe0jt45","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ignacio Llatser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Corporate Research\u2014Advanced Engineering Connected Mobility Systems, Robert Bosch GmbH, Robert-Bosch-Stra\u00dfe 200, 31139 Hildesheim, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Corporate Research\u2014Advanced Engineering Connected Mobility Systems, Robert Bosch GmbH, Robert-Bosch-Stra\u00dfe 200, 31139 Hildesheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027462916","display_name":"Daniel Bischoff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1520-2399"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Bischoff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Active Safety Advanced Technology, Opel Automobile GmbH, Bahnhofsplatz, 65423 R\u00fcsselsheim, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1520-2399","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Active Safety Advanced Technology, Opel Automobile GmbH, Bahnhofsplatz, 65423 R\u00fcsselsheim, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017920146","display_name":"Georg Volk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georg Volk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science\u2014Embedded Systems, Eberhard Karls University of T\u00fcbingen, Sand 13, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science\u2014Embedded Systems, Eberhard Karls University of T\u00fcbingen, Sand 13, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056922928"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114112103","https://openalex.org/I116953780","https://openalex.org/I889804353"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2112},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2112},"fwci":3.0232,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":72,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92148297,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"159","last_page":"159"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.6738725304603577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.563178539276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-perception","display_name":"Risk perception","score":0.5126048922538757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49121516942977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.4719611406326294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.41470277309417725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.37529298663139343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.35477837920188904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3378266394138336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.20900309085845947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.16765499114990234}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.6738725304603577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.563178539276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163355716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154783","display_name":"Risk perception","level":3,"score":0.5126048922538757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49121516942977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.4719611406326294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.41470277309417725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.37529298663139343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.35477837920188904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3378266394138336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.20900309085845947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.16765499114990234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21010159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010159","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/1/159/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33383748","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33383748","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:6705052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC7795526","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7795526","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7795526","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c17c445cbf5143989d2f5804b643f2eb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c17c445cbf5143989d2f5804b643f2eb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 1, p 159 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repo.uni-hannover.de:123456789/15676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repo.uni-hannover.de/handle/123456789/15676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401575","display_name":"Institutional Repository of Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover (Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","host_organization_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors 21 (2021), Nr. 1","raw_type":"doc-type:Article"},{"id":"doi:10.15488/15555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15488/15555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052956","display_name":"Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21010159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010159","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/1/159/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323803","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","ror":"https://ror.org/02vgg2808"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3115615603.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2103779757","https://openalex.org/W2124036500","https://openalex.org/W2178235790","https://openalex.org/W2219431285","https://openalex.org/W2246854142","https://openalex.org/W2580571444","https://openalex.org/W2582505644","https://openalex.org/W2749747771","https://openalex.org/W2792240865","https://openalex.org/W2879443106","https://openalex.org/W2883604876","https://openalex.org/W2885469088","https://openalex.org/W2885924084","https://openalex.org/W2889299439","https://openalex.org/W2896642734","https://openalex.org/W2914435938","https://openalex.org/W2949701383","https://openalex.org/W2949880758","https://openalex.org/W2950518734","https://openalex.org/W2970180825","https://openalex.org/W2970451867","https://openalex.org/W2970697331","https://openalex.org/W2988067480","https://openalex.org/W2989844841","https://openalex.org/W2990094894","https://openalex.org/W2990802528","https://openalex.org/W3000455858","https://openalex.org/W3001713378","https://openalex.org/W3005667157","https://openalex.org/W3015873462","https://openalex.org/W3018338233","https://openalex.org/W3026299314","https://openalex.org/W3036956559","https://openalex.org/W3038323319","https://openalex.org/W3039367034","https://openalex.org/W3039996319","https://openalex.org/W3040434125","https://openalex.org/W3040479413","https://openalex.org/W3097517709","https://openalex.org/W3104490111","https://openalex.org/W3113527689","https://openalex.org/W3118916059","https://openalex.org/W4289541280","https://openalex.org/W6679214204"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378767206","https://openalex.org/W1540871478","https://openalex.org/W328308450","https://openalex.org/W282641168","https://openalex.org/W2376963063","https://openalex.org/W2066396794","https://openalex.org/W2366734808","https://openalex.org/W2002476357","https://openalex.org/W2391444248","https://openalex.org/W2390716080"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicle-to-everything":[0],"(V2X)":[1],"communication":[2],"is":[3,17,42,86,148],"seen":[4],"as":[5,20],"one":[6],"of":[7,31,47,76,82,92,109,132,144,157,166,188],"the":[8,29,48,58,65,72,77,83,90,93,116,128,133,183,189],"main":[9],"enabling":[10],"technologies":[11],"for":[12,171],"automated":[13],"vehicles.":[14],"Collective":[15],"perception":[16,123,191],"especially":[18],"promising,":[19],"it":[21],"allows":[22],"connected":[23],"traffic":[24,78,99,152,159,172],"participants":[25,173],"to":[26,62,105,127,150,161],"\"see":[27],"through":[28],"eyes":[30],"others\"":[32],"by":[33],"sharing":[34],"sensor-detected":[35],"objects":[36],"via":[37],"V2X":[38,84,141],"communication.":[39],"Its":[40],"benefit":[41],"typically":[43],"assessed":[44],"in":[45,115],"terms":[46],"increased":[49],"object":[50],"update":[51],"rate,":[52],"redundancy,":[53],"and":[54,130],"awareness.":[55],"To":[56],"determine":[57],"safety":[59,153],"improvement":[60],"thanks":[61],"collective":[63,122,190],"perception,":[64,136],"authors":[66],"introduce":[67],"new":[68],"metrics,":[69],"which":[70],"quantify":[71],"environmental":[73,135],"risk":[74,165],"awareness":[75],"participants.":[79],"The":[80,113],"performance":[81],"service":[85],"then":[87],"analyzed":[88],"with":[89,175],"help":[91],"test":[94],"platform":[95],"TEPLITS,":[96],"using":[97],"real":[98],"traces":[100],"from":[101,154],"German":[102],"highways,":[103],"amounting":[104],"over":[106],"100":[107],"h":[108],"total":[110],"driving":[111],"time.":[112],"results":[114,181],"considered":[117],"scenarios":[118],"clearly":[119],"show":[120],"that":[121,139],"not":[124],"only":[125],"contributes":[126],"accuracy":[129],"integrity":[131],"vehicles'":[134],"but":[137],"also":[138],"a":[140,155,162],"market":[142],"penetration":[143],"at":[145],"least":[146],"25%":[147],"necessary":[149],"increase":[151],"\"risk":[156],"serious":[158],"accidents\"":[160],"\"residual":[163],"hypothetical":[164],"collisions":[167],"without":[168],"minor":[169],"injuries\"":[170],"equipped":[174],"non-redundant":[176],"360\u00b0":[177],"sensor":[178],"systems.":[179],"These":[180],"support":[182],"ongoing":[184],"worldwide":[185],"standardization":[186],"efforts":[187],"service.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2021-01-05T00:00:00"}