{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3117894307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247329","title":"An Improved Calibration Method for Photonic Mixer Device Solid-State Array Lidars Based on Electrical Analog Delay","display_name":"An Improved Calibration Method for Photonic Mixer Device Solid-State Array Lidars Based on Electrical Analog Delay","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3117894307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247329","mag":"3117894307","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33419326"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20247329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247329","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/24/7329/pdf?version=1608542417","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/24/7329/pdf?version=1608542417","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015631130","display_name":"Xuanquan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9641-5029"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuanquan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Ministry of Education), Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9641-5029","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Ministry of Education), Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076449883","display_name":"Ping Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1868-6517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ping Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Ministry of Education), Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1868-6517","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Ministry of Education), Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103021115","display_name":"Wuyang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8068-0282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wuyang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Ministry of Education), Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Ministry of Education), Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076449883"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.5131,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88697789,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"24","first_page":"7329","last_page":"7329"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.6987307071685791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.690483033657074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grayscale","display_name":"Grayscale","score":0.597576916217804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compensation","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","score":0.5576834678649902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.5454639792442322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.519194483757019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.44622841477394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4444606900215149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.43374699354171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.2875552177429199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.18587705492973328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1031084954738617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07839244604110718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.6987307071685791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.690483033657074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78201319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grayscale","level":3,"score":0.597576916217804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5576834678649902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.5454639792442322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.519194483757019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.44622841477394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4444606900215149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.43374699354171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.2875552177429199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.18587705492973328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1031084954738617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07839244604110718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20247329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247329","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/24/7329/pdf?version=1608542417","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33419326","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33419326","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ea524c72c5d4476a96fcef511426b2a6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ea524c72c5d4476a96fcef511426b2a6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 24, p 7329 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/24/7329/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247329","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 24; Pages: 7329","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7766223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7766223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20247329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247329","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/24/7329/pdf?version=1608542417","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G956447715","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JCKY2019602B010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335833","funder_display_name":"National Defense Basic Scientific Research Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335833","display_name":"National Defense Basic Scientific Research Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3117894307.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3117894307.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W147527959","https://openalex.org/W1543242897","https://openalex.org/W1972671602","https://openalex.org/W1984241286","https://openalex.org/W1994684178","https://openalex.org/W2004647834","https://openalex.org/W2014316164","https://openalex.org/W2016620160","https://openalex.org/W2017088761","https://openalex.org/W2026971984","https://openalex.org/W2028868706","https://openalex.org/W2037061351","https://openalex.org/W2041362444","https://openalex.org/W2046333466","https://openalex.org/W2049385179","https://openalex.org/W2053502066","https://openalex.org/W2073795472","https://openalex.org/W2085059311","https://openalex.org/W2105095838","https://openalex.org/W2105229138","https://openalex.org/W2107515459","https://openalex.org/W2108124886","https://openalex.org/W2124319230","https://openalex.org/W2130449417","https://openalex.org/W2148906153","https://openalex.org/W2154332337","https://openalex.org/W2155479981","https://openalex.org/W2159936575","https://openalex.org/W2167667767","https://openalex.org/W2182527491","https://openalex.org/W2290804905","https://openalex.org/W2291054886","https://openalex.org/W2291201949","https://openalex.org/W2412454633","https://openalex.org/W2545387525","https://openalex.org/W2558667450","https://openalex.org/W2581515063","https://openalex.org/W2742728796","https://openalex.org/W2792775744","https://openalex.org/W2884696319","https://openalex.org/W2910345227","https://openalex.org/W2913880256","https://openalex.org/W2941320604","https://openalex.org/W3084915729","https://openalex.org/W6663712494","https://openalex.org/W6681904086","https://openalex.org/W6696827378","https://openalex.org/W6729065460","https://openalex.org/W6753874016","https://openalex.org/W6809107764"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W4406302447","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W4281783339","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4390887692"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"a":[1,72,122],"typical":[2],"application":[3],"of":[4,25,69,149,161,169,185,196],"indirect-time-of-flight":[5],"(ToF)":[6],"technology,":[7],"photonic":[8],"mixer":[9],"device":[10],"(PMD)":[11],"solid-state":[12],"array":[13],"Lidar":[14,50],"has":[15],"gained":[16],"rapid":[17],"development":[18],"in":[19,37,87,92,153],"recent":[20],"years.":[21],"With":[22],"the":[23,32,62,67,78,100,118,129,140,147,163,167,175,191],"advantages":[24],"high":[26],"resolution,":[27],"frame":[28],"rate":[29],"and":[30,42,61,95,194],"accuracy,":[31],"equipment":[33],"is":[34,51,75,143,178],"widely":[35],"used":[36,144],"target":[38,63],"recognition,":[39],"simultaneous":[40],"localization":[41],"mapping":[43],"(SLAM),":[44],"industrial":[45],"inspection,":[46],"etc.":[47],"The":[48,114],"PMD":[49,197],"vulnerable":[52],"to":[53,83,145,181],"several":[54,85,173],"factors":[55],"such":[56,70],"as":[57],"ambient":[58,150],"light,":[59],"temperature":[60],"feature.":[64],"To":[65,98],"eliminate":[66],"impact":[68],"factors,":[71],"proper":[73],"calibration":[74,80,107],"needed.":[76],"However,":[77],"conventional":[79],"methods":[81],"need":[82],"change":[84],"distances":[86],"large":[88],"areas,":[89],"which":[90,188],"result":[91],"low":[93,96],"efficiency":[94],"accuracy.":[97],"address":[99],"problems,":[101],"this":[102],"paper":[103],"presents":[104],"an":[105,133],"improved":[106],"method":[108,115,164,177],"based":[109,137],"on":[110],"electrical":[111],"analog":[112],"delay.":[113],"firstly":[116],"eliminates":[117],"lens":[119],"distortion":[120],"using":[121,132],"self-adaptive":[123],"interpolation":[124],"algorithm,":[125],"meanwhile":[126],"it":[127],"calibrates":[128],"grayscale":[130,141],"image":[131,142],"integral":[134],"time":[135],"simulating":[136],"method.":[138],"Then,":[139],"estimate":[146],"parameters":[148],"light":[151],"compensation":[152],"depth":[154,170],"calibration.":[155,171],"Finally,":[156],"by":[157],"combining":[158],"four":[159],"types":[160],"compensation,":[162],"effectively":[165],"improves":[166,190],"performance":[168],"Through":[172],"experiments,":[174],"proposed":[176],"more":[179],"adaptive":[180],"multiscenes":[182],"with":[183],"targets":[184],"different":[186],"reflectivities,":[187],"significantly":[189],"ranging":[192],"accuracy":[193],"adaptability":[195],"Lidar.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
