{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3111346075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247253","title":"High-Capacity Image Steganography Based on Improved Xception","display_name":"High-Capacity Image Steganography Based on Improved Xception","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3111346075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247253","mag":"3111346075","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33348833"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20247253","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247253","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/24/7253/pdf?version=1608285548","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/24/7253/pdf?version=1608285548","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078273759","display_name":"Xintao Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8757-2447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75955062","display_name":"Henan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00s13br28","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75955062"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xintao Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China","Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Personalized Learning in Education of Henan Province, Xinxiang 453007, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8757-2447","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75955062"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Personalized Learning in Education of Henan Province, Xinxiang 453007, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052575508","display_name":"Mengxiao Gou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7897-9031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75955062","display_name":"Henan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00s13br28","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75955062"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengxiao Gou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75955062"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010980750","display_name":"Nao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3430-2085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75955062","display_name":"Henan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00s13br28","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75955062"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3430-2085","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75955062"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443647","display_name":"Wenxin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-0841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75955062","display_name":"Henan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00s13br28","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75955062"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenxin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75955062"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072469414","display_name":"Chuan Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0370-4623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuan Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078273759"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75955062"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.5333,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85618974,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"24","first_page":"7253","last_page":"7253"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.9139302968978882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6889229416847229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6408775448799133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5115657448768616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.49291396141052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.49237191677093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.48034894466400146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45946621894836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peak-signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Peak signal-to-noise ratio","score":0.44184306263923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.43461525440216064}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.9139302968978882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6889229416847229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6408775448799133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5115657448768616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.49291396141052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.49237191677093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.48034894466400146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45946621894836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154579607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3373850","display_name":"Peak signal-to-noise ratio","level":3,"score":0.44184306263923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.43461525440216064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20247253","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247253","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/24/7253/pdf?version=1608285548","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33348833","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33348833","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fbe209fdcf0d4b34a9e022bb9bbb90f5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fbe209fdcf0d4b34a9e022bb9bbb90f5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 24, p 7253 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/24/7253/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247253","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 24; Pages: 7253","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7766134","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7766134","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20247253","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247253","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/24/7253/pdf?version=1608285548","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2351671952","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202102210165","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3145175467","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u4fe1\u6e90\u7f16\u7801\u548c\u8fb9\u4fe1\u606f\u4f18\u5316\u673a\u5236\u7684\u5bc6\u6587\u57df\u56fe\u50cf\u53ef\u9006\u4fe1\u606f\u9690\u85cf\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61672354","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8315401105","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202102210165","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327051","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Department of Henan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327051","display_name":"Science and Technology Department of Henan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3111346075.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3111346075.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1955882805","https://openalex.org/W1972291170","https://openalex.org/W2064076387","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2123170991","https://openalex.org/W2134527668","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2542290803","https://openalex.org/W2589547048","https://openalex.org/W2860433205","https://openalex.org/W2919023666","https://openalex.org/W2963001579","https://openalex.org/W2963360258","https://openalex.org/W2963462425","https://openalex.org/W2969487841","https://openalex.org/W3004789054","https://openalex.org/W3008144211","https://openalex.org/W3048929175","https://openalex.org/W3145984249"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2969135852","https://openalex.org/W2188948172","https://openalex.org/W38533693","https://openalex.org/W2153696906","https://openalex.org/W2989873089","https://openalex.org/W2809100332","https://openalex.org/W2299048436","https://openalex.org/W2929936941","https://openalex.org/W2187477311","https://openalex.org/W4382702296"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,35,170],"traditional":[1],"cover":[2,126,140],"modification":[3],"steganography":[4,9,14,42,208],"method":[5,15],"only":[6,49,120],"has":[7],"low":[8],"ability.":[10],"We":[11],"propose":[12],"a":[13],"based":[16],"on":[17],"the":[18,44,51,54,59,82,91,96,100,109,114,121,125,132,139,143,150,155,163,167,174,193],"convolutional":[19,27],"neural":[20],"network":[21,62,145],"architecture":[22,37],"(Xception)":[23],"of":[24,53,61,84,116],"deep":[25],"separable":[26],"layers":[28],"in":[29,74,90,138,146],"order":[30,147],"to":[31,69,148],"solve":[32],"this":[33],"problem.":[34],"Xception":[36,92],"is":[38,198],"used":[39],"for":[40,43],"image":[41,98,123,127,134,141,157,165,207],"first":[45],"time,":[46],"which":[47,111],"not":[48],"increases":[50],"width":[52],"network,":[55,110],"but":[56],"also":[57],"improves":[58,113],"adaptability":[60],"expansion,":[63],"and":[64,87,99,124,130,188,192],"adds":[65],"different":[66],"receiving":[67],"fields":[68],"carry":[70],"out":[71],"multi-scale":[72],"information":[73],"it.":[75],"By":[76],"introducing":[77],"jump":[78],"connections,":[79],"we":[80],"solved":[81],"problems":[83],"gradient":[85,88],"dissipation":[86],"descent":[89],"architecture.":[93],"After":[94,153],"cascading":[95],"secret":[97,122,133,151,156,164],"mask":[101],"image,":[102],"high-quality":[103],"images":[104],"can":[105,135,158],"be":[106,136,159],"reconstructed":[107,160],"through":[108,142,166],"greatly":[112],"speed":[115],"steganography.":[117],"When":[118],"hiding,":[119],"are":[128,177],"cascaded,":[129],"then":[131],"embedded":[137],"hidden":[144],"obtain":[149],"image.":[152],"extraction,":[154],"by":[161,179],"bypassing":[162],"extraction":[168],"network.":[169],"results":[171,175],"show":[172],"that":[173,176],"obtained":[178],"our":[180],"model":[181],"have":[182],"high":[183,195],"peak":[184],"signal-to-noise":[185],"ratio":[186],"(PSNR)":[187],"structural":[189],"similarity":[190],"(SSIM),":[191],"average":[194],"load":[196],"capacity":[197],"23.96":[199],"bpp":[200],"(bit":[201],"per":[202],"pixel),":[203],"thus":[204],"realizing":[205],"large-capacity":[206],"surgery.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}