{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3111705791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236984","title":"A Framework of Combining Short-Term Spatial/Frequency Feature Extraction and Long-Term IndRNN for Activity Recognition","display_name":"A Framework of Combining Short-Term Spatial/Frequency Feature Extraction and Long-Term IndRNN for Activity Recognition","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3111705791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236984","mag":"3111705791","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33297370"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20236984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236984","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6984/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6984/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072638366","display_name":"Beidi Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2845-7550"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beidi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100702796","display_name":"Shuai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9938-0917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9938-0917","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054129422","display_name":"Yanbo Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9584-9290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanbo Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049344955","display_name":"Chuankun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9427-8780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuankun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100695040","display_name":"Wanqing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4427-2687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanqing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Technology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Technology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100702796"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.177,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81838806,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"23","first_page":"6984","last_page":"6984"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.7540265321731567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.656037449836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.6450192332267761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5742238759994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5606825947761536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-recognition","display_name":"Activity recognition","score":0.5344623327255249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4904796779155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.38116154074668884}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.7540265321731567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.656037449836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6450192332267761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5742238759994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5606825947761536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121687571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity recognition","level":2,"score":0.5344623327255249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4904796779155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.38116154074668884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006802","descriptor_name":"Human Activities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006802","descriptor_name":"Human Activities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006802","descriptor_name":"Human Activities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D021641","descriptor_name":"Recognition, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021641","descriptor_name":"Recognition, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021641","descriptor_name":"Recognition, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20236984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236984","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6984/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33297370","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33297370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c27d8eba4f3e43b0b96d39e2386e4f9d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c27d8eba4f3e43b0b96d39e2386e4f9d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 23, p 6984 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/23/6984/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 23; Pages: 6984","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7729609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7729609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20236984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236984","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6984/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4106942146","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901083","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3111705791.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3111705791.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W119403003","https://openalex.org/W2002261403","https://openalex.org/W2007964100","https://openalex.org/W2013932759","https://openalex.org/W2021717943","https://openalex.org/W2026844889","https://openalex.org/W2099805216","https://openalex.org/W2104956067","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2138725602","https://openalex.org/W2148217011","https://openalex.org/W2153507502","https://openalex.org/W2172156083","https://openalex.org/W2248728789","https://openalex.org/W2270470215","https://openalex.org/W2342792048","https://openalex.org/W2563686712","https://openalex.org/W2600842288","https://openalex.org/W2616287544","https://openalex.org/W2770265759","https://openalex.org/W2791366550","https://openalex.org/W2802314367","https://openalex.org/W2883766876","https://openalex.org/W2892279525","https://openalex.org/W2899163142","https://openalex.org/W2907123474","https://openalex.org/W2913978280","https://openalex.org/W2951100114","https://openalex.org/W2964347220","https://openalex.org/W2970567068","https://openalex.org/W2972675084","https://openalex.org/W2973195788","https://openalex.org/W2973211751","https://openalex.org/W3001866458","https://openalex.org/W3084453745","https://openalex.org/W3084469922","https://openalex.org/W3084573352","https://openalex.org/W3084636664","https://openalex.org/W3084771895","https://openalex.org/W3084911924","https://openalex.org/W3084913306","https://openalex.org/W3085117086","https://openalex.org/W3085353868","https://openalex.org/W3085412470","https://openalex.org/W3085994804","https://openalex.org/W3086082071","https://openalex.org/W3086192230","https://openalex.org/W3086681538","https://openalex.org/W3106033906","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4288111886","https://openalex.org/W6604801135","https://openalex.org/W6656992573","https://openalex.org/W6675238173"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3195649134","https://openalex.org/W2281498195","https://openalex.org/W2017526120","https://openalex.org/W2610664080","https://openalex.org/W2980611886","https://openalex.org/W2188304107","https://openalex.org/W42295635","https://openalex.org/W1973996291","https://openalex.org/W2892259437","https://openalex.org/W2330575325"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smartphone-sensors-based":[0],"human":[1],"activity":[2,69],"recognition":[3,20,124],"is":[4,15,99,116,125,144,178],"attracting":[5],"increasing":[6],"interest":[7],"due":[8],"to":[9,101,128],"the":[10,72,76,86,92,104,110,114,130,133,141,152,156,161,170,190],"popularization":[11],"of":[12,54,75,132,151],"smartphones.":[13],"It":[14],"a":[16,41,51,61,121,194],"difficult":[17],"long-range":[18],"temporal":[19,80],"problem,":[21,48],"especially":[22],"with":[23],"large":[24,111],"intraclass":[25],"distances":[26,37],"such":[27,38],"as":[28,39],"carrying":[29],"smartphones":[30],"at":[31,118],"different":[32,119],"locations":[33],"and":[34,60,88,184],"small":[35],"interclass":[36],"taking":[40],"train":[42],"or":[43],"subway.":[44],"To":[45],"address":[46],"this":[47,182],"we":[49],"propose":[50],"new":[52],"framework":[53],"combining":[55],"short-term":[56,79],"spatial/frequency":[57],"feature":[58],"extraction":[59],"long-term":[62,97,105],"independently":[63],"recurrent":[64],"neural":[65],"network":[66],"(IndRNN)":[67],"for":[68,107,146],"recognition.":[70],"Considering":[71],"periodic":[73],"characteristics":[74],"sensor":[77],"data,":[78],"features":[81,106],"are":[82],"first":[83,126],"extracted":[84],"in":[85,160,181],"spatial":[87],"frequency":[89],"domains.":[90],"Then,":[91],"IndRNN,":[93],"which":[94],"can":[95],"capture":[96],"patterns,":[98],"used":[100,145],"further":[102,179],"obtain":[103],"classification.":[108],"Given":[109],"differences":[112],"when":[113],"smartphone":[115],"carried":[117],"locations,":[120],"group-based":[122],"location":[123,131],"developed":[127],"pinpoint":[129],"smartphone.":[134],"The":[135,175],"Sussex-Huawei":[136],"Locomotion":[137],"(SHL)":[138],"dataset":[139],"from":[140],"SHL":[142,162],"Challenge":[143,163],"evaluation.":[147],"An":[148],"earlier":[149],"version":[150],"proposed":[153,176],"method":[154,177],"won":[155],"second":[157],"place":[158,166],"award":[159],"2020":[164],"(first":[165],"if":[167],"not":[168],"considering":[169],"multiple":[171],"models":[172],"fusion":[173],"approach).":[174],"improved":[180],"paper":[183],"achieves":[185],"80.72%":[186],"accuracy,":[187],"better":[188],"than":[189],"existing":[191],"methods":[192],"using":[193],"single":[195],"model.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-16T08:24:45.110214","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
