{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3108814230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236875","title":"Development of a Tuneable NDIR Optical Electronic Nose","display_name":"Development of a Tuneable NDIR Optical Electronic Nose","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3108814230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236875","mag":"3108814230","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33271862"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20236875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236875","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6875/pdf?version=1607263536","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6875/pdf?version=1607263536","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004701816","display_name":"Siavash Esfahani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3939-2286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siavash Esfahani","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3939-2286","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047228447","display_name":"Akira Tiele","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4303-6225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akira Tiele","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4303-6225","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070251836","display_name":"Samuel O. Agbroko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8281-6553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel O. Agbroko","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056351183","display_name":"James A. Covington","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1307-6488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James A. Covington","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1307-6488","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056351183"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.917,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85447323,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"23","first_page":"6875","last_page":"6875"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10461","display_name":"Gas Sensing Nanomaterials and Sensors","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11111","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-nose","display_name":"Electronic nose","score":0.8854708671569824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.570918083190918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-array","display_name":"Sensor array","score":0.5423392653465271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-detector","display_name":"Gas detector","score":0.493965208530426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4260375499725342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38628333806991577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.37276381254196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.23897919058799744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19816085696220398}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23895516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550092","display_name":"Electronic nose","level":2,"score":0.8854708671569824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.570918083190918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66251956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451086","display_name":"Sensor array","level":2,"score":0.5423392653465271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779300254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902880","display_name":"Gas detector","level":3,"score":0.493965208530426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4260375499725342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38628333806991577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.37276381254196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.23897919058799744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19816085696220398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20236875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236875","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6875/pdf?version=1607263536","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33271862","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33271862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:wrap.warwick.ac.uk:145240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400665","display_name":"Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","host_organization_name":"University of Warwick","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2865775e9f8b4c87be567b7cb204b7d3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2865775e9f8b4c87be567b7cb204b7d3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 23, p 6875 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/23/6875/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 23; Pages: 6875","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7729477","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7729477","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20236875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236875","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6875/pdf?version=1607263536","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3108814230.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3108814230.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W609033512","https://openalex.org/W1970651029","https://openalex.org/W1978447879","https://openalex.org/W1987864869","https://openalex.org/W1997082874","https://openalex.org/W2005943821","https://openalex.org/W2008597402","https://openalex.org/W2025215195","https://openalex.org/W2034460407","https://openalex.org/W2036953109","https://openalex.org/W2045917834","https://openalex.org/W2049442567","https://openalex.org/W2055385984","https://openalex.org/W2060201916","https://openalex.org/W2060315146","https://openalex.org/W2065585829","https://openalex.org/W2067468842","https://openalex.org/W2068241639","https://openalex.org/W2100381264","https://openalex.org/W2111115562","https://openalex.org/W2114569351","https://openalex.org/W2133151341","https://openalex.org/W2145729353","https://openalex.org/W2165899560","https://openalex.org/W2485117446","https://openalex.org/W2512827249","https://openalex.org/W2524842203","https://openalex.org/W2560700869","https://openalex.org/W2743126255","https://openalex.org/W2768161632","https://openalex.org/W2769465898","https://openalex.org/W2776355261","https://openalex.org/W2789877288","https://openalex.org/W2805390901","https://openalex.org/W2895037110","https://openalex.org/W2916670480","https://openalex.org/W2921909073","https://openalex.org/W2960867792","https://openalex.org/W2963748186","https://openalex.org/W2973155101","https://openalex.org/W2978688180","https://openalex.org/W2982374604","https://openalex.org/W2989272518","https://openalex.org/W2997435607","https://openalex.org/W3004911392","https://openalex.org/W3006448779","https://openalex.org/W3013484447","https://openalex.org/W3023431665","https://openalex.org/W3037085950","https://openalex.org/W3044171914","https://openalex.org/W3102635930","https://openalex.org/W4211057778","https://openalex.org/W6780364261"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2371500231","https://openalex.org/W2055525282","https://openalex.org/W2770593007","https://openalex.org/W4366147034","https://openalex.org/W2357140647","https://openalex.org/W2352423764","https://openalex.org/W2941736642","https://openalex.org/W2225283375","https://openalex.org/W298970755","https://openalex.org/W1916808198"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electronic":[0],"nose":[1],"(E-nose)":[2],"technology":[3,171],"provides":[4],"an":[5,41,86,95],"easy":[6],"and":[7,32,64,66,130,135,140,160,179],"inexpensive":[8],"way":[9],"to":[10,75,102,150,153],"analyse":[11],"chemical":[12,138],"samples.":[13],"In":[14],"recent":[15],"years,":[16],"there":[17],"has":[18],"been":[19],"increasing":[20],"demand":[21],"for":[22,126,155,182],"E-noses":[23,39],"in":[24,117],"applications":[25],"such":[26],"as":[27,176],"food":[28],"safety,":[29],"environmental":[30],"monitoring":[31],"medical":[33],"diagnostics.":[34],"Currently,":[35],"the":[36,73,83,113],"majority":[37],"of":[38,43,85,94,97,106,112,120,158,185],"utilise":[40],"array":[42,96],"metal":[44],"oxide":[45],"(MOX)":[46],"or":[47],"conducting":[48],"polymer":[49],"(CP)":[50],"gas":[51,70,123,145],"sensors.":[52],"However,":[53],"these":[54,77],"sensing":[55],"technologies":[56],"can":[57],"suffer":[58],"from":[59],"sensor":[60,146],"drift,":[61],"poor":[62],"repeatability":[63],"temperature":[65],"humidity":[67],"effects.":[68],"Optical":[69,169],"sensors":[71],"have":[72],"potential":[74,175],"overcome":[76],"issues.":[78],"This":[79],"paper":[80],"reports":[81],"on":[82],"development":[84],"optical":[87,144],"non-dispersive":[88],"infrared":[89],"(NDIR)":[90],"E-nose,":[91],"which":[92],"consists":[93],"four":[98],"tuneable":[99],"detectors,":[100],"able":[101],"scan":[103],"a":[104,118,177,183],"range":[105],"wavelengths":[107],"(3.1\u201310.5":[108],"\u03bcm).":[109],"The":[110,143],"functionality":[111],"device":[114],"was":[115,164],"demonstrated":[116],"series":[119],"experiments,":[121],"involving":[122],"rig":[124],"tests":[125],"individual":[127],"chemicals":[128],"(CO2":[129],"CH4),":[131],"at":[132],"different":[133,156],"concentrations,":[134],"discriminating":[136],"between":[137,166],"standards":[139],"complex":[141],"mixtures.":[142],"responses":[147],"were":[148],"shown":[149],"be":[151],"linear":[152],"polynomial":[154],"concentrations":[157],"CO2":[159],"CH4.":[161],"Good":[162],"discrimination":[163],"achieved":[165],"sample":[167],"groups.":[168],"E-nose":[170,186],"therefore":[172],"demonstrates":[173],"significant":[174],"portable":[178],"low-cost":[180],"solution":[181],"number":[184],"applications.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
