{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3110470942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236860","title":"A Lightweight Three-Factor Authentication Scheme for WHSN Architecture","display_name":"A Lightweight Three-Factor Authentication Scheme for WHSN Architecture","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3110470942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236860","mag":"3110470942","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33266197"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20236860","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236860","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6860/pdf?version=1607496489","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6860/pdf?version=1607496489","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029026113","display_name":"Abdullah M. Almuhaideb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2004-5324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah M. Almuhaideb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam, Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2004-5324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam, Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030186755","display_name":"Kawther S. Alqudaihi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6597-2781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kawther S. Alqudaihi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam, Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6597-2781","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam, Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030186755"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.9436,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87482437,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"23","first_page":"6860","last_page":"6860"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7758234739303589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5521763563156128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replay-attack","display_name":"Replay attack","score":0.5250644087791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/challenge\u2013response-authentication","display_name":"Challenge\u2013response authentication","score":0.5243685245513916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.513368546962738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-card","display_name":"Smart card","score":0.4640096426010132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-authentication","display_name":"Mutual authentication","score":0.4572673738002777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.4522261917591095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.43496352434158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.4234503507614136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-factor-authentication","display_name":"Multi-factor authentication","score":0.4102192521095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.37303078174591064}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7758234739303589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5521763563156128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11560541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756025","display_name":"Replay attack","level":3,"score":0.5250644087791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131129157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059963","display_name":"Challenge\u2013response authentication","level":4,"score":0.5243685245513916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.513368546962738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110406131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41349","display_name":"Smart card","level":2,"score":0.4640096426010132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781221063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6944186","display_name":"Mutual authentication","level":3,"score":0.4572673738002777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.4522261917591095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.43496352434158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.4234503507614136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194699767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7878662","display_name":"Multi-factor authentication","level":4,"score":0.4102192521095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.37303078174591064}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20236860","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236860","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6860/pdf?version=1607496489","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33266197","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33266197","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:42f28c27f89c43569047cc4ea54e7c56","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/42f28c27f89c43569047cc4ea54e7c56","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 23, p 6860 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/23/6860/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 23; Pages: 6860","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7730542","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7730542","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20236860","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236860","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6860/pdf?version=1607496489","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328818","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3110470942.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3110470942.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2029693536","https://openalex.org/W2053832511","https://openalex.org/W2059212242","https://openalex.org/W2187093997","https://openalex.org/W2279777762","https://openalex.org/W2291360251","https://openalex.org/W2480818169","https://openalex.org/W2516089876","https://openalex.org/W2517343931","https://openalex.org/W2531017060","https://openalex.org/W2564131315","https://openalex.org/W2573554261","https://openalex.org/W2749503685","https://openalex.org/W2765559104","https://openalex.org/W2773344899","https://openalex.org/W2780340923","https://openalex.org/W2783774416","https://openalex.org/W2808961971","https://openalex.org/W2810202339","https://openalex.org/W2890503685","https://openalex.org/W2892633216","https://openalex.org/W2896150139","https://openalex.org/W2934277901","https://openalex.org/W2943946327","https://openalex.org/W2945308717","https://openalex.org/W2945803385","https://openalex.org/W2953707968","https://openalex.org/W2973657164","https://openalex.org/W2979575530","https://openalex.org/W2996311023","https://openalex.org/W2997070398","https://openalex.org/W3000070452","https://openalex.org/W3014585752","https://openalex.org/W3015853335","https://openalex.org/W3026701738","https://openalex.org/W3044506507","https://openalex.org/W3080343816","https://openalex.org/W3089039611","https://openalex.org/W6776211083"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2050433615","https://openalex.org/W128488073","https://openalex.org/W2093798919","https://openalex.org/W2907262898","https://openalex.org/W2355452447","https://openalex.org/W2363600212","https://openalex.org/W2388928260","https://openalex.org/W2094958004","https://openalex.org/W2479833502","https://openalex.org/W1661403104"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wireless":[0],"Healthcare":[1],"Sensor":[2],"Network":[3],"(WHSN)":[4],"is":[5,189],"a":[6,62,111],"benchmarking":[7],"technology":[8],"deployed":[9],"to":[10,39,47,120,130,183,191],"levitate":[11],"the":[12,17,49,52,68,132,138,142,164,175,186,209],"quality":[13],"of":[14,51,163],"lives":[15],"for":[16,28,137],"patients":[18],"and":[19,54,59,72,74,95,126,134,153,174,195,205],"doctors.":[20],"WHSN":[21,53,83],"systems":[22],"must":[23],"fit":[24],"IEEE":[25],"802.15.6":[26],"standard":[27,34],"specific":[29],"application":[30],"criteria,":[31],"unlike":[32],"some":[33],"criteria":[35],"that":[36,88,103,185],"are":[37],"difficult":[38],"meet.":[40],"Therefore,":[41],"many":[42],"security":[43,50,133],"models":[44],"were":[45],"suggested":[46,110],"enhance":[48],"promote":[55],"system":[56,117],"performance.":[57],"Yu":[58],"Park":[60],"proposed":[61,187],"three-factor":[63,112],"authentication":[64,113,206],"scheme":[65,76,90,105,114,143,165,188],"based":[66],"on":[67],"smart":[69],"card,":[70],"biometric,":[71],"password,":[73],"their":[75,89,104],"can":[77,91],"be":[78],"easily":[79],"employed":[80],"in":[81],"three-tier":[82],"architecture.":[84],"Furthermore,":[85],"they":[86],"claimed":[87],"withstand":[92],"guessing":[93,196],"attack":[94],"provide":[96],"anonymity,":[97,201],"although,":[98],"after":[99],"cryptanalysis,":[100],"we":[101,109],"found":[102],"lacks":[106],"both.":[107],"Accordingly,":[108],"with":[115,208],"better":[116],"confusion":[118],"due":[119],"multiplex":[121],"parametric":[122],"features,":[123],"hash":[124],"function,":[125],"higher":[127],"key":[128,210],"size":[129],"increase":[131],"achieve":[135],"anonymity":[136],"connected":[139],"nodes.":[140],"Moreover,":[141],"included":[144],"initialization,":[145],"authentication,":[146],"re-authentication,":[147],"secure":[148,154],"node":[149],"addition,":[150],"user":[151],"revocation,":[152],"data":[155],"transmission":[156],"via":[157],"blockchain":[158],"technology.":[159],"The":[160],"formal":[161],"analysis":[162],"was":[166,177],"conducted":[167],"by":[168,180],"BAN":[169],"logic":[170],"(Burrows":[171],"Abadi":[172],"Nadeem)":[173],"simulation":[176],"carried":[178],"out":[179],"Tamarin":[181],"prover":[182],"validate":[184],"resistant":[190],"replay,":[192],"session":[193],"hijacking,":[194],"attacks,":[197],"plus":[198],"it":[199],"provides":[200],"perfect":[202],"forward":[203],"secrecy,":[204],"along":[207],"agreement.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
