{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3110443126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236838","title":"Breast Tumor Classification in Ultrasound Images Using Combined Deep and Handcrafted Features","display_name":"Breast Tumor Classification in Ultrasound Images Using Combined Deep and Handcrafted Features","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3110443126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236838","mag":"3110443126","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33265900"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20236838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236838","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6838/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6838/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045110068","display_name":"Mohammad I. Daoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9399-5769"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230091363","display_name":"German Jordanian University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jgpyd84","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad I. Daoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9399-5769","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058089648","display_name":"Samir Abdel-Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-643X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230091363","display_name":"German Jordanian University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jgpyd84","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samir Abdel-Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-643X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011682712","display_name":"Tariq Bdair","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2049-2113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tariq M. Bdair","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedure, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2049-2113","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedure, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068502119","display_name":"Mahasen Al-Najar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8661-5473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114972647","display_name":"University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/05k89ew48","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800233941","display_name":"Jordan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/036wxg427","country_code":"JO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800233941"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahasen S. Al-Najar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Jordan Hospital, Queen Rania Street, Amman 11942, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8661-5473","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Jordan Hospital, Queen Rania Street, Amman 11942, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800233941","https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067781656","display_name":"Feras Al\u2010Hawari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6948-3336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230091363","display_name":"German Jordanian University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jgpyd84","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feras H. Al-Hawari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6948-3336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029787567","display_name":"Rami Alazrai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1296-0231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230091363","display_name":"German Jordanian University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jgpyd84","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rami Alazrai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1296-0231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045110068"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.3333,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95361134,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"23","first_page":"6838","last_page":"6838"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9678999781608582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8194972276687622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7754156589508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7079793810844421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6924973726272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5850992798805237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5807133913040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5745453834533691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.551962673664093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breast-ultrasound","display_name":"Breast ultrasound","score":0.5048995614051819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4952920973300934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.48689213395118713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.4347125291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3962303698062897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2323472499847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.197957843542099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mammography","display_name":"Mammography","score":0.14084160327911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breast-cancer","display_name":"Breast cancer","score":0.07003775238990784}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8194972276687622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7754156589508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7079793810844421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6924973726272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5850992798805237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5807133913040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5745453834533691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.551962673664093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777423100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1888238","display_name":"Breast ultrasound","level":5,"score":0.5048995614051819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4952920973300934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.48689213395118713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.4347125291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3962303698062897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2323472499847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.197957843542099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780472235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q324634","display_name":"Mammography","level":4,"score":0.14084160327911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530470458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581","display_name":"Breast cancer","level":3,"score":0.07003775238990784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001940","descriptor_name":"Breast","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001940","descriptor_name":"Breast","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001940","descriptor_name":"Breast","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20236838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236838","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6838/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33265900","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33265900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:afbc339394f84725beb48a5802188e4a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/afbc339394f84725beb48a5802188e4a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 23, p 6838 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/23/6838/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236838","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 23; Pages: 6838","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7730057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7730057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20236838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236838","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6838/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1533323443","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1979931042","https://openalex.org/W1980483305","https://openalex.org/W1988819287","https://openalex.org/W1993584845","https://openalex.org/W1998865404","https://openalex.org/W2009629689","https://openalex.org/W2017074421","https://openalex.org/W2017439667","https://openalex.org/W2034905316","https://openalex.org/W2039403753","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2044779926","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2105184687","https://openalex.org/W2109553965","https://openalex.org/W2109943925","https://openalex.org/W2117438495","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2127227873","https://openalex.org/W2153172662","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2154053567","https://openalex.org/W2167536222","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2213612645","https://openalex.org/W2319888919","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2564921842","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2725008604","https://openalex.org/W2740028789","https://openalex.org/W2744692634","https://openalex.org/W2771169143","https://openalex.org/W2789895747","https://openalex.org/W2807768065","https://openalex.org/W2809348156","https://openalex.org/W2871338759","https://openalex.org/W2889646458","https://openalex.org/W2901236396","https://openalex.org/W2906785117","https://openalex.org/W2913559493","https://openalex.org/W2939142770","https://openalex.org/W2951480690","https://openalex.org/W2962949934","https://openalex.org/W2964278775","https://openalex.org/W2982092517","https://openalex.org/W3016699851","https://openalex.org/W4230674625","https://openalex.org/W4234134527","https://openalex.org/W6677651945","https://openalex.org/W6740676533"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387838477","https://openalex.org/W2380784125","https://openalex.org/W2067193074","https://openalex.org/W2182785089","https://openalex.org/W3004057759","https://openalex.org/W4312178642","https://openalex.org/W2375093801","https://openalex.org/W3107426390","https://openalex.org/W2576365627","https://openalex.org/W2565656575"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"aims":[2],"to":[3,18,59,89,196],"enable":[4],"effective":[5,288],"breast":[6,106,263,289],"ultrasound":[7,107,264,290],"image":[8,291],"classification":[9,69,96,180],"by":[10,124,188,256],"combining":[11,189],"deep":[12,25,46,62,74,115],"features":[13,17,26,47,56,75,83,87,116,126,130,144,168,173,185,191,195,218,225,232,246,253,285],"with":[14,78,192],"conventional":[15],"handcrafted":[16,79,193,228],"classify":[19],"the":[20,24,37,61,67,72,91,95,111,137,142,163,166,172,183,211,216,220,227,236,244,248,258,261,267,280,295,303],"tumors.":[21,308],"In":[22,140],"particular,":[23,141],"are":[27,52,76],"extracted":[28,48,73,131],"from":[29,132],"a":[30,55,120],"pre-trained":[31],"convolutional":[32],"neural":[33],"network":[34],"model,":[35,39],"namely":[36],"VGG19":[38,138,238],"at":[40,49],"six":[41],"different":[42],"extraction":[43],"levels.":[44],"The":[45,98,158,179,240,276],"each":[50],"level":[51],"analyzed":[53],"using":[54,86,104,119,260,269],"selection":[57,88,174],"algorithm":[58,175],"identify":[60],"feature":[63,121],"combination":[64,113],"that":[65,110,127,162,215,272,279,293],"achieves":[66],"highest":[68],"performance.":[70,97],"Furthermore,":[71,210],"combined":[77,221,249,281],"texture":[80,229],"and":[81,84,149,155,201,207,219,223,230,247,251,266,283,301],"morphological":[82,194,224,231,252,284],"processed":[85],"investigate":[90],"possibility":[92],"of":[93,114,136,152,165,182,204,243,297,305],"improving":[94],"cross-validation":[99,212],"analysis,":[100],"which":[101],"is":[102,117,176,186,254],"performed":[103],"380":[105,262],"images,":[108],"shows":[109,161],"best":[112],"obtained":[118],"set,":[122],"denoted":[123],"CONV":[125,143,167,184,217,222,245,250,282],"include":[128],"convolution":[129,134],"all":[133],"blocks":[135],"model.":[139,239],"achieved":[145],"mean":[146,198],"accuracy,":[147,199],"sensitivity,":[148,200],"specificity":[150,202],"values":[151,203],"94.2%,":[153],"93.3%,":[154],"94.9%,":[156],"respectively.":[157,209],"analysis":[159,213],"also":[160],"performance":[164,181,242],"degrades":[169],"substantially":[170],"when":[171],"not":[177],"applied.":[178],"improved":[187],"these":[190],"achieve":[197,287],"96.1%,":[205],"95.7%,":[206],"96.3%,":[208],"demonstrates":[214],"outperform":[226],"as":[233,235],"well":[234],"fine-tuned":[237],"generalization":[241],"demonstrated":[255],"performing":[257],"training":[259],"images":[265],"testing":[268],"another":[270],"dataset":[271],"includes":[273],"163":[274],"images.":[275],"results":[277],"suggest":[278],"can":[286],"classifications":[292],"increase":[294],"capability":[296],"detecting":[298],"malignant":[299],"tumors":[300],"reduce":[302],"potential":[304],"misclassifying":[306],"benign":[307]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-06-17T08:01:34.144755","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
