{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3110548026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236794","title":"Combined Regularized Discriminant Analysis and Swarm Intelligence Techniques for Gait Recognition","display_name":"Combined Regularized Discriminant Analysis and Swarm Intelligence Techniques for Gait Recognition","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3110548026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236794","mag":"3110548026","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33261152"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20236794","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236794","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6794/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6794/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031387603","display_name":"Tomasz Krzeszowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7359-4637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111664937","display_name":"Rzesz\u00f3w University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/056xse072","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111664937"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tomasz Krzeszowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, al. Powstancow Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7359-4637","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, al. Powstancow Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111664937"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023446547","display_name":"Krzysztof Wiktorowicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8711-1659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111664937","display_name":"Rzesz\u00f3w University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/056xse072","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111664937"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krzysztof Wiktorowicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, al. Powstancow Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8711-1659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, al. Powstancow Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111664937"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031387603"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111664937"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.1473,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.41435307,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"23","first_page":"6794","last_page":"6794"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9817000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.7856930494308472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait","display_name":"Gait","score":0.7462052702903748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6874777674674988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.586874783039093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.5846912860870361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5840181708335876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait-analysis","display_name":"Gait analysis","score":0.47211921215057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4388483762741089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-intelligence","display_name":"Swarm intelligence","score":0.42166951298713684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.7856930494308472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151800584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370000","display_name":"Gait","level":2,"score":0.7462052702903748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6874777674674988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.586874783039093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.5846912860870361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5840181708335876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173906292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1493441","display_name":"Gait analysis","level":3,"score":0.47211921215057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4388483762741089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119487961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863960","display_name":"Swarm intelligence","level":3,"score":0.42166951298713684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005684","descriptor_name":"Gait","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005684","descriptor_name":"Gait","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005684","descriptor_name":"Gait","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007360","descriptor_name":"Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007360","descriptor_name":"Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007360","descriptor_name":"Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016002","descriptor_name":"Discriminant Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016002","descriptor_name":"Discriminant Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016002","descriptor_name":"Discriminant Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20236794","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236794","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6794/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33261152","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33261152","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:edea5c89d0ae49e5a8a860f61e61e356","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/edea5c89d0ae49e5a8a860f61e61e356","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 23, p 6794 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/23/6794/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236794","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 23; Pages: 6794","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7730123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7730123","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20236794","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236794","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6794/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3110548026.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3110548026.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W184236626","https://openalex.org/W1523682477","https://openalex.org/W1534490527","https://openalex.org/W1558751150","https://openalex.org/W1987666057","https://openalex.org/W2001619934","https://openalex.org/W2038118117","https://openalex.org/W2061438946","https://openalex.org/W2088557251","https://openalex.org/W2103024593","https://openalex.org/W2115203491","https://openalex.org/W2116800718","https://openalex.org/W2126680226","https://openalex.org/W2131737076","https://openalex.org/W2141200867","https://openalex.org/W2145421913","https://openalex.org/W2155423555","https://openalex.org/W2287234120","https://openalex.org/W2290883490","https://openalex.org/W2340653137","https://openalex.org/W2396728923","https://openalex.org/W2543580944","https://openalex.org/W2587763979","https://openalex.org/W2747644948","https://openalex.org/W2750378047","https://openalex.org/W2782299352","https://openalex.org/W2789447213","https://openalex.org/W2889727867","https://openalex.org/W2896515397","https://openalex.org/W2963301258","https://openalex.org/W2966783885","https://openalex.org/W2977530922","https://openalex.org/W3017743104","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6633532994","https://openalex.org/W6675372827","https://openalex.org/W6682642761","https://openalex.org/W6704262430"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2133973503","https://openalex.org/W2070977815","https://openalex.org/W2241084252","https://openalex.org/W10394924","https://openalex.org/W2471060339","https://openalex.org/W2111603423","https://openalex.org/W2148547327","https://openalex.org/W2125892956","https://openalex.org/W4226236273","https://openalex.org/W2790560349"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,60],"the":[1,81,87,92,99,103,106],"gait":[2,11,35,50],"recognition":[3,51],"problem,":[4],"most":[5],"studies":[6],"are":[7,76],"devoted":[8],"to":[9,43,90],"developing":[10],"descriptors":[12],"rather":[13],"than":[14,53],"introducing":[15],"new":[16],"classification":[17,58],"methods.":[18,59],"This":[19],"paper":[20],"proposes":[21],"hybrid":[22],"methods":[23],"that":[24,46],"combine":[25],"regularized":[26],"discriminant":[27],"analysis":[28],"(RDA)":[29],"and":[30,71,84],"swarm":[31,64],"intelligence":[32],"techniques":[33,79],"for":[34],"recognition.":[36],"The":[37,95],"purpose":[38],"of":[39,86,105],"this":[40],"study":[41],"is":[42],"develop":[44],"strategies":[45],"will":[47],"achieve":[48],"better":[49],"results":[52],"those":[54],"achieved":[55],"by":[56],"classical":[57],"our":[61],"approach,":[62],"particle":[63],"optimization":[65,69,73],"(PSO),":[66],"grey":[67],"wolf":[68],"(GWO),":[70],"whale":[72],"algorithm":[74],"(WOA)":[75],"used.":[77],"These":[78],"tune":[80],"observation":[82],"weights":[83],"hyperparameters":[85],"RDA":[88],"method":[89],"minimize":[91],"objective":[93],"function.":[94],"experiments":[96],"conducted":[97],"on":[98],"GPJATK":[100],"dataset":[101],"proved":[102],"validity":[104],"proposed":[107],"concept.":[108]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}