{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3108992474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236753","title":"Classification of Watermelon Seeds Using Morphological Patterns of X-ray Imaging: A Comparison of Conventional Machine Learning and Deep Learning","display_name":"Classification of Watermelon Seeds Using Morphological Patterns of X-ray Imaging: A Comparison of Conventional Machine Learning and Deep Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3108992474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236753","mag":"3108992474","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33255997"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20236753","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236753","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6753/pdf?version=1606386770","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6753/pdf?version=1606386770","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068659286","display_name":"Mohammed Raju Ahmed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196345858","display_name":"Chungnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0227as991","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Raju Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071153811","display_name":"Jannat Yasmin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196345858","display_name":"Chungnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0227as991","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jannat Yasmin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085921365","display_name":"Eunsung Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2010-9957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196345858","display_name":"Chungnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0227as991","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eunsung Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101498388","display_name":"Geonwoo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6274-3649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1312222531","display_name":"Agricultural Research Service","ror":"https://ror.org/02d2m2044","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336096307","display_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Geonwoo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Powder Mill Road, BARC-East, Bldg 303, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6274-3649","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Powder Mill Road, BARC-East, Bldg 303, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I1312222531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074950579","display_name":"Moon S. Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1312222531","display_name":"Agricultural Research Service","ror":"https://ror.org/02d2m2044","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336096307","display_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moon S. Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Powder Mill Road, BARC-East, Bldg 303, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Powder Mill Road, BARC-East, Bldg 303, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I1312222531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064164932","display_name":"Collins Wakholi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0635-9463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196345858","display_name":"Chungnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0227as991","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Collins Wakholi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076664056","display_name":"Changyeun Mo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9088-5978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165507594","display_name":"Kangwon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mh5ph17","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changyeun Mo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034671201","display_name":"Byoung\u2013Kwan Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8397-9853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196345858","display_name":"Chungnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0227as991","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Byoung-Kwan Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea","Department of Smart Agriculture System, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8397-9853","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Smart Agriculture System, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034671201","https://openalex.org/A5101498388"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I196345858"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":6.0127,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9587977,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"23","first_page":"6753","last_page":"6753"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8694028854370117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6502443552017212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6154244542121887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.5373562574386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5271926522254944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.5020112991333008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.48969629406929016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4798976182937622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.43186846375465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-classifier","display_name":"Quadratic classifier","score":0.4272940456867218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.41875356435775757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.4136827886104584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3658338487148285}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8694028854370117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6502443552017212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6154244542121887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.5373562574386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5271926522254944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.5020112991333008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.48969629406929016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4798976182937622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.43186846375465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52620605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268357","display_name":"Quadratic classifier","level":3,"score":0.4272940456867218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.41875356435775757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.4136827886104584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3658338487148285}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012639","descriptor_name":"Seeds","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012639","descriptor_name":"Seeds","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012639","descriptor_name":"Seeds","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012639","descriptor_name":"Seeds","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014965","descriptor_name":"X-Rays","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014965","descriptor_name":"X-Rays","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014965","descriptor_name":"X-Rays","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014965","descriptor_name":"X-Rays","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D029773","descriptor_name":"Citrullus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D029773","descriptor_name":"Citrullus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D029773","descriptor_name":"Citrullus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D029773","descriptor_name":"Citrullus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20236753","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236753","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6753/pdf?version=1606386770","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33255997","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33255997","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:38785cc282644ba58c5e51e63a89d6f6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/38785cc282644ba58c5e51e63a89d6f6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 23, p 6753 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/23/6753/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236753","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 23; Pages: 6753","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7731397","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7731397","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20236753","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236753","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6753/pdf?version=1606386770","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322011","display_name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries","ror":"https://ror.org/00c5s4a53"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322033","display_name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/009g8rq41"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322035","display_name":"Rural Development Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/03xs9yg50"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332478","display_name":"U.S. Forest Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmjc935"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334881","display_name":"Korea Forest Service","ror":"https://ror.org/05bjbww34"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3108992474.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3108992474.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22040386","https://openalex.org/W107890371","https://openalex.org/W606118790","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1967527414","https://openalex.org/W1998808035","https://openalex.org/W2022207449","https://openalex.org/W2027665225","https://openalex.org/W2061938824","https://openalex.org/W2113816537","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2149622066","https://openalex.org/W2161381512","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2253429366","https://openalex.org/W2327301662","https://openalex.org/W2358897293","https://openalex.org/W2395579298","https://openalex.org/W2406697309","https://openalex.org/W2470803522","https://openalex.org/W2471459496","https://openalex.org/W2479903248","https://openalex.org/W2501369945","https://openalex.org/W2537437025","https://openalex.org/W2549007717","https://openalex.org/W2618747515","https://openalex.org/W2781566432","https://openalex.org/W2792817593","https://openalex.org/W2869138134","https://openalex.org/W2895572698","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2971495873","https://openalex.org/W3041278118","https://openalex.org/W4247431150","https://openalex.org/W6681823663","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6738701481"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2113454941","https://openalex.org/W2951122819","https://openalex.org/W2114217318","https://openalex.org/W2794812819","https://openalex.org/W2411585343","https://openalex.org/W2587881214","https://openalex.org/W3104072235","https://openalex.org/W3036945320","https://openalex.org/W2753804328","https://openalex.org/W2085106164"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,31,171],"this":[1,208],"study,":[2],"conventional":[3,33,137,173],"machine":[4,34,138],"learning":[5,108,139,190,213],"and":[6,22,54,57,66,76,91,117,125,140,164,167],"deep":[7,141],"leaning":[8],"approaches":[9],"were":[10,41,70,81,119,150,155],"evaluated":[11],"using":[12,181],"X-ray":[13,226],"imaging":[14,227,234],"techniques":[15],"for":[16,218],"investigating":[17],"the":[18,32,73,98,102,106,123,129,132,143,148,153,172,198],"internal":[19],"parameters":[20],"(endosperm":[21],"air":[23],"space)":[24],"of":[25,28,38,47,128,147,207],"three":[26],"cultivars":[27],"watermelon":[29],"seed.":[30,130],"learning,":[35],"six":[36],"types":[37,46],"image":[39,48,52],"features":[40],"extracted":[42],"after":[43],"applying":[44],"different":[45],"preprocessing,":[49],"such":[50],"as":[51,72,231],"intensity":[53],"contrast":[55],"enhancement,":[56],"noise":[58],"reduction.":[59],"The":[60,205],"sequential":[61],"forward":[62],"selection":[63],"(SFS)":[64],"method":[65],"Fisher":[67],"objective":[68],"function":[69],"used":[71,120,151],"search":[74],"strategy":[75,217],"feature":[77],"optimization.":[78],"Three":[79],"classifiers":[80],"tested":[82],"(linear":[83],"discriminant":[84,88],"analysis":[85,89],"(LDA),":[86],"quadratic":[87],"(QDA),":[90],"k-nearest":[92],"neighbors":[93],"algorithm":[94],"(KNN))":[95],"to":[96,121],"find":[97],"best":[99],"performer.":[100],"On":[101],"other":[103,188],"hand,":[104],"in":[105,201],"transfer":[107,189,212],"(deep":[109],"learning)":[110],"approaches,":[111],"simple":[112],"ConvNet,":[113],"AlexNet,":[114],"VGG-19,":[115],"ResNet-50,":[116],"ResNet-101":[118],"train":[122],"dataset":[124],"class":[126],"prediction":[127],"For":[131],"supervised":[133],"model":[134],"development":[135],"(both":[136],"learning),":[142],"germination":[144],"test":[145],"results":[146],"samples":[149],"where":[152,225],"seeds":[154,163,220],"divided":[156],"into":[157],"two":[158],"classes:":[159],"(1)":[160],"normal":[161],"viable":[162,169],"(2)":[165],"nonviable":[166],"abnormal":[168],"seeds.":[170],"classification,":[174],"83.6%":[175],"accuracy":[176,195,200],"was":[177,197],"obtained":[178],"by":[179,221],"LDA":[180],"48":[182],"features.":[183],"ResNet-50":[184],"performed":[185],"better":[186],"than":[187],"architectures,":[191],"with":[192],"an":[193],"87.3%":[194],"which":[196],"highest":[199],"all":[202],"classification":[203],"models.":[204],"findings":[206],"study":[209],"manifested":[210],"that":[211],"is":[214],"a":[215,232],"constructive":[216],"classifying":[219],"analyzing":[222],"their":[223],"morphology,":[224],"can":[228],"be":[229],"adopted":[230],"potential":[233],"technique.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}