{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3110203484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236746","title":"Identifying Defects in Aerospace Composite Sandwich Panels Using High-Definition Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors","display_name":"Identifying Defects in Aerospace Composite Sandwich Panels Using High-Definition Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3110203484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236746","mag":"3110203484","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33255822"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20236746","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236746","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6746/pdf?version=1606368968","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"letter","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6746/pdf?version=1606368968","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059095078","display_name":"James A. Mills","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4179-4447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James A. Mills","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lightweight Manufacturing Centre, Department of Design, Manufacturing and Engineering Management, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lightweight Manufacturing Centre, Department of Design, Manufacturing and Engineering Management, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060244703","display_name":"Andrew Hamilton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8436-8325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew W. Hamilton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048402486","display_name":"David I. Gillespie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5067-436X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David I. Gillespie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collins Aerospace, 1 Dow Avenue, Prestwick International Aerospace Park, Ayrshire KA9 2SA, UK","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collins Aerospace, 1 Dow Avenue, Prestwick International Aerospace Park, Ayrshire KA9 2SA, UK","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001429269","display_name":"Ivan Andonovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9093-5245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Andonovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032031681","display_name":"Craig Michie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5132-4572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Craig Michie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054903802","display_name":"Kenneth Burnham","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth Burnham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Forming Research Centre, Department of Design, Manufacturing and Engineering Management, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Forming Research Centre, Department of Design, Manufacturing and Engineering Management, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043208465","display_name":"Christos Tachtatzis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9150-6805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Tachtatzis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059095078"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.5196,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66114127,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"23","first_page":"6746","last_page":"6746"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sandwich-structured-composite","display_name":"Sandwich-structured composite","score":0.7309741973876953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-number","display_name":"Composite number","score":0.7135207056999207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace","display_name":"Aerospace","score":0.7046579718589783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5078292489051819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.4437529444694519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.43293437361717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.3964357376098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3319076597690582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.3070507347583771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2724491357803345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11662685871124268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85463006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620529","display_name":"Sandwich-structured composite","level":3,"score":0.7309741973876953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.7135207056999207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167740415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2876213","display_name":"Aerospace","level":2,"score":0.7046579718589783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5078292489051819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.4437529444694519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.43293437361717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.3964357376098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3319076597690582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.3070507347583771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2724491357803345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11662685871124268}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20236746","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236746","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6746/pdf?version=1606368968","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33255822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33255822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:74703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/1215700.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5efd842e9f594feca93861ce3a9cdcd0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5efd842e9f594feca93861ce3a9cdcd0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 23, p 6746 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/23/6746/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236746","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 23; Pages: 6746","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7728333","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7728333","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20236746","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236746","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6746/pdf?version=1606368968","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3110203484.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3110203484.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85786210","https://openalex.org/W148448418","https://openalex.org/W190555231","https://openalex.org/W201954671","https://openalex.org/W1555741536","https://openalex.org/W1630330708","https://openalex.org/W1799196059","https://openalex.org/W1980604880","https://openalex.org/W1989012472","https://openalex.org/W1996345281","https://openalex.org/W2004851520","https://openalex.org/W2014503396","https://openalex.org/W2021537637","https://openalex.org/W2027830692","https://openalex.org/W2032121158","https://openalex.org/W2039501849","https://openalex.org/W2059390206","https://openalex.org/W2060537416","https://openalex.org/W2061369048","https://openalex.org/W2064013146","https://openalex.org/W2075832568","https://openalex.org/W2135446646","https://openalex.org/W2152768666","https://openalex.org/W2171520731","https://openalex.org/W2210808472","https://openalex.org/W2337705655","https://openalex.org/W2395195404","https://openalex.org/W2504976411","https://openalex.org/W2522409232","https://openalex.org/W2527757918","https://openalex.org/W2752623846","https://openalex.org/W2885706405","https://openalex.org/W2927653738","https://openalex.org/W3041470639","https://openalex.org/W6651506817","https://openalex.org/W6654012672","https://openalex.org/W6666582018"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4225795411","https://openalex.org/W2511013388","https://openalex.org/W2044192478","https://openalex.org/W2064861618","https://openalex.org/W4378695326","https://openalex.org/W29956273","https://openalex.org/W2356599848","https://openalex.org/W2089786029","https://openalex.org/W2131512904","https://openalex.org/W2165149182"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"methods":[1],"for":[2,30],"detecting":[3,31],"defects":[4,32,74,90,166],"within":[5],"composite":[6],"materials":[7],"are":[8,130,167,181],"highly":[9],"desirable":[10],"in":[11,75,91,164,173,199],"the":[12,55,97,101,112,115,118,123,133,158,185],"drive":[13],"to":[14,45,87,109,183,197],"increase":[15,111],"throughput,":[16],"optimise":[17],"repair":[18],"program":[19],"effectiveness":[20],"and":[21,68,72,188,206],"reduce":[22],"component":[23],"replacement.":[24],"Tap-testing":[25],"has":[26],"traditionally":[27],"been":[28],"used":[29,108],"but":[33],"does":[34],"not":[35],"provide":[36],"quantitative":[37],"measurements,":[38],"requiring":[39],"secondary":[40],"techniques":[41],"such":[42],"as":[43],"ultrasound":[44],"certify":[46],"components.":[47],"This":[48],"paper":[49],"reports":[50],"on":[51,122],"an":[52],"evaluation":[53],"of":[54,57,114,152,190],"use":[56],"a":[58,92,143,174],"distributed":[59,136],"temperature":[60,113],"measurement":[61],"system-high-definition":[62],"fibre":[63,77,150],"optic":[64],"sensing":[65],"(HD-FOS)-to":[66],"identify":[67,88,184],"characterise":[69],"crushed":[70],"core":[71],"disbond":[73],"carbon":[76],"reinforced":[78],"polymer":[79],"(CFRP)-skin,":[80],"aluminium-core,":[81],"sandwich":[82,93],"panels.":[83],"The":[84,178,192],"objective":[85],"is":[86,107,195],"these":[89],"panel":[94,102,116],"by":[95],"measuring":[96,126],"heat":[98],"transfer":[99],"through":[100],"thickness.":[103],"A":[104],"heater":[105],"mat":[106],"rapidly":[110],"with":[117],"HD-FOS":[119,128],"sensor":[120,137,144],"positioned":[121],"top":[124],"surface,":[125],"temperature.":[127,177],"measurements":[129],"made":[131],"using":[132,146],"Luna":[134],"optical":[135],"interrogator":[138],"(ODISI)":[139],"9100":[140],"system":[141],"comprising":[142],"fabricated":[145],"standard":[147],"single":[148],"mode":[149],"(SMF)-20":[151],"external":[153],"diameter":[154],"250":[155],"\u03bcm,":[156],"including":[157],"cladding.":[159],"Results":[160],"show":[161],"that":[162],"areas":[163],"which":[165],"present":[168],"modulate":[169],"thermal":[170],"conductivity,":[171],"resulting":[172],"lower":[175],"surface":[176],"resultant":[179],"data":[180],"analysed":[182],"length,":[186],"width":[187],"type":[189],"defect.":[191],"non-invasive":[193],"technique":[194],"amenable":[196],"application":[198],"challenging":[200],"operational":[201],"settings,":[202],"offering":[203],"high-resolution":[204],"visualisation":[205],"defect":[207],"classification.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
