{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3103087864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226567","title":"Optical and Mass Flow Sensors for Aiding Vehicle Navigation in GNSS Denied Environment","display_name":"Optical and Mass Flow Sensors for Aiding Vehicle Navigation in GNSS Denied Environment","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3103087864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226567","mag":"3103087864","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33212949"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20226567","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226567","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/22/6567/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/22/6567/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101822804","display_name":"M. Moussa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9289-7086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Moussa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9289-7086","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085365744","display_name":"Shady Zahran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2415-3119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shady Zahran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2415-3119","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101621422","display_name":"M. M. R. Mostafa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5212-2497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mostafa Mostafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5212-2497","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103442589","display_name":"Adel Moussa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88017793","display_name":"Port Said University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vx5yq44","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88017793"]}],"countries":["CA","EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adel Moussa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Port-Said University, Port-Said 42523, Egypt","Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Port-Said University, Port-Said 42523, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88017793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042454030","display_name":"Naser El\u2010Sheimy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6505-0832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Naser El-Sheimy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014571148","display_name":"Mohamed Elhabiby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1909-7506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107720978","display_name":"Ain Shams University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb9w016","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Elhabiby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Public Works Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Public Works Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042454030","https://openalex.org/A5101822804"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":13.0322,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98101481,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"22","first_page":"6567","last_page":"6567"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8445912599563599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-navigation-system","display_name":"Inertial navigation system","score":0.6642711162567139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/odometry","display_name":"Odometry","score":0.5774571895599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5596386194229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-navigation","display_name":"Air navigation","score":0.5578662157058716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5491538047790527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.4811731278896332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/navigation-system","display_name":"Navigation system","score":0.47900575399398804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heading","display_name":"Heading (navigation)","score":0.4732131361961365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-augmentation","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","score":0.4730745255947113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extended-kalman-filter","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","score":0.4588201344013214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.42088085412979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3820910155773163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3247607350349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.27246254682540894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.26318883895874023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.1798941195011139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-frame-of-reference","display_name":"Inertial frame of reference","score":0.1438976228237152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13872307538986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.13110241293907166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.12069821357727051}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8445912599563599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128651787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570607","display_name":"Inertial navigation system","level":3,"score":0.6642711162567139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49441653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2014717","display_name":"Odometry","level":4,"score":0.5774571895599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5596386194229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C504623915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427822","display_name":"Air navigation","level":3,"score":0.5578662157058716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5491538047790527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.4811731278896332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777891301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3475123","display_name":"Navigation system","level":2,"score":0.47900575399398804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776937971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4384217","display_name":"Heading (navigation)","level":2,"score":0.4732131361961365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166212672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165162","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","level":4,"score":0.4730745255947113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206833254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421817","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","level":3,"score":0.4588201344013214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.42088085412979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3820910155773163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3247607350349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27246254682540894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.26318883895874023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.1798941195011139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173386949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192735","display_name":"Inertial frame of reference","level":2,"score":0.1438976228237152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13872307538986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.13110241293907166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.12069821357727051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20226567","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226567","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/22/6567/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33212949","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33212949","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:43a916a6a6b644948aba533d13817883","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/43a916a6a6b644948aba533d13817883","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 22, p 6567 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/22/6567/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 22; Pages: 6567","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7698455","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7698455","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20226567","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226567","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/22/6567/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3103087864.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W157178351","https://openalex.org/W1662956568","https://openalex.org/W1965592338","https://openalex.org/W2002358117","https://openalex.org/W2007963058","https://openalex.org/W2010444791","https://openalex.org/W2012518300","https://openalex.org/W2015764510","https://openalex.org/W2023772872","https://openalex.org/W2052155406","https://openalex.org/W2057237438","https://openalex.org/W2059671830","https://openalex.org/W2067170667","https://openalex.org/W2072944560","https://openalex.org/W2092674711","https://openalex.org/W2093867810","https://openalex.org/W2094197319","https://openalex.org/W2097427210","https://openalex.org/W2098468884","https://openalex.org/W2102145772","https://openalex.org/W2102730334","https://openalex.org/W2103170855","https://openalex.org/W2118152222","https://openalex.org/W2123447535","https://openalex.org/W2131873102","https://openalex.org/W2131925869","https://openalex.org/W2133820918","https://openalex.org/W2161082665","https://openalex.org/W2163178251","https://openalex.org/W2165858675","https://openalex.org/W2275244010","https://openalex.org/W2284235502","https://openalex.org/W2290157830","https://openalex.org/W2296816139","https://openalex.org/W2312023463","https://openalex.org/W2342385881","https://openalex.org/W2471110896","https://openalex.org/W2478370910","https://openalex.org/W2549498219","https://openalex.org/W2577692329","https://openalex.org/W2580246494","https://openalex.org/W2580913658","https://openalex.org/W2586283453","https://openalex.org/W2601659907","https://openalex.org/W2602041922","https://openalex.org/W2780939494","https://openalex.org/W2798024831","https://openalex.org/W2800730691","https://openalex.org/W2801403503","https://openalex.org/W2804588044","https://openalex.org/W2805353988","https://openalex.org/W2807213851","https://openalex.org/W2903882176","https://openalex.org/W2917981032","https://openalex.org/W2926054342","https://openalex.org/W2999272873","https://openalex.org/W3011683239"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2917833516","https://openalex.org/W2789784127","https://openalex.org/W2090781705","https://openalex.org/W2398140571","https://openalex.org/W2525440477","https://openalex.org/W3104880495","https://openalex.org/W1507168133","https://openalex.org/W3103057830","https://openalex.org/W3205180365","https://openalex.org/W2555884708"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"autonomous":[1],"vehicles":[2,131,275,289],"have":[3],"achieved":[4],"a":[5,78,188,243],"lot":[6],"of":[7,28,32,171,205,214,254,293],"research":[8],"interest":[9],"regarding":[10],"the":[11,13,29,53,62,74,106,155,160,176,196,206,211,215,226,229,251,259,282,291,301],"navigation,":[12],"surrounding":[14],"environmental":[15,118],"perception,":[16],"and":[17,49,117,119,147,169,208,223,277],"control.":[18],"Global":[19],"Navigation":[20,23],"Satellite":[21],"System/Inertial":[22],"System":[24],"(GNSS/INS)":[25],"is":[26,142,182,248,256],"one":[27],"significant":[30],"components":[31],"any":[33],"vehicle":[34,80,177,252,279],"navigation":[35,67,81,128,161,302],"system.":[36,303],"However,":[37,100,281],"GNSS":[38,54,97],"has":[39],"limitations":[40],"in":[41,132,195,203],"some":[42,103],"operating":[43],"scenarios":[44],"such":[45,220],"as":[46,221],"urban":[47],"regions":[48],"indoor":[50,134],"environments":[51],"where":[52,250],"signal":[55,98],"suffers":[56],"from":[57,258],"multipath":[58],"or":[59,218],"outage.":[60,99],"On":[61,225],"other":[63,227],"hand,":[64,228],"INS":[65,75,91,157],"standalone":[66],"solution":[68],"degrades":[69],"over":[70],"time":[71],"due":[72],"to":[73,89,110,153,174,199,209,237,299],"errors.":[76],"Therefore,":[77],"modern":[79],"system":[82,129,141,268],"depends":[83],"on":[84,144],"integration":[85,292],"between":[86],"different":[87],"sensors":[88,108,151,233,263,298],"aid":[90,154,300],"for":[92,105,130,184,272,287],"mitigating":[93],"its":[94],"drift":[95],"during":[96],"there":[101],"are":[102,235,285],"challenges":[104],"aiding":[107,127,267],"related":[109],"their":[111],"high":[112,114],"price,":[113],"computational":[115],"costs,":[116],"weather":[120],"effects.":[121],"This":[122,139,265],"paper":[123],"proposes":[124],"an":[125,133],"integrated":[126,266],"environment":[135],"(e.g.,":[136],"underground":[137,216],"parking).":[138],"proposed":[140,249],"based":[143],"optical":[145,180],"flow":[146,150,181,232,245,262,297],"multiple":[148,230,260],"mass":[149,231,244,261,296],"integrations":[152],"low-cost":[156],"by":[158],"providing":[159],"extended":[162],"Kalman":[163],"filter":[164],"(EKF)":[165],"with":[166,295],"forward":[167,239],"velocity":[168,240],"change":[170,253],"heading":[172,255],"updates":[173],"enhance":[175],"navigation.":[178],"The":[179],"computed":[183],"frames":[185],"taken":[186],"using":[187],"consumer":[189],"portable":[190],"device":[191],"(CPD)":[192],"camera":[193,207],"mounted":[194],"upward-looking":[197],"direction":[198],"avoid":[200],"moving":[201],"objects":[202],"front":[204],"exploit":[210],"typical":[212],"features":[213],"parking":[217],"tunnels":[219],"ducts":[222],"pipes.":[224],"measurements":[234],"modeled":[236],"provide":[238],"information.":[241],"Moreover,":[242],"differential":[246],"odometry":[247],"estimated":[257],"measurements.":[264],"can":[269],"be":[270],"used":[271],"unmanned":[273],"aerial":[274],"(UAV)":[276],"land":[278,288],"navigations.":[280],"experimental":[283],"results":[284],"implemented":[286],"through":[290],"CPD":[294]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}