{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3106101884","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226556","title":"Development of a Portable All-Wavelength PPG Sensing Device for Robust Adaptive-Depth Measurement: A Spectrometer Approach with a Hydrostatic Measurement Example","display_name":"Development of a Portable All-Wavelength PPG Sensing Device for Robust Adaptive-Depth Measurement: A Spectrometer Approach with a Hydrostatic Measurement Example","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3106101884","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226556","mag":"3106101884","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33212798"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20226556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226556","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/22/6556/pdf?version=1605677765","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"letter","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/22/6556/pdf?version=1605677765","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029586806","display_name":"Shao\u2010Hao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7243-4428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shao-Hao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025170864","display_name":"Yung-Chi Chuang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yung-Chi Chuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101974509","display_name":"Cheng\u2010Chun Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0799-9446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cheng-Chun Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101974509"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.5227,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62368094,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"22","first_page":"6556","last_page":"6556"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11700","display_name":"Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmogram","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","score":0.872170090675354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength","display_name":"Wavelength","score":0.6531145572662354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrometer","display_name":"Spectrometer","score":0.5460309386253357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5062410235404968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.4599214792251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4416189193725586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-device","display_name":"Measurement device","score":0.42367202043533325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.4194962978363037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-engineering","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","score":0.4133296012878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrostatic-pressure","display_name":"Hydrostatic pressure","score":0.4113842844963074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.4088757038116455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3723944425582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.29143381118774414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.2381226122379303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1640821397304535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14434659481048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11332166194915771}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.872170090675354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.6531145572662354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33390570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188463","display_name":"Spectrometer","level":2,"score":0.5460309386253357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5062410235404968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.4599214792251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4416189193725586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019950295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2041172","display_name":"Measurement device","level":2,"score":0.42367202043533325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.4194962978363037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4133296012878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910081258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177807","display_name":"Hydrostatic pressure","level":2,"score":0.4113842844963074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4088757038116455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3723944425582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.29143381118774414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2381226122379303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1640821397304535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14434659481048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11332166194915771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20226556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226556","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/22/6556/pdf?version=1605677765","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33212798","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33212798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fd0c0d3cad4649b2868762e5d8a1e21c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fd0c0d3cad4649b2868762e5d8a1e21c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 22, p 6556 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/22/6556/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226556","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 22; Pages: 6556","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7698030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7698030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20226556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226556","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/22/6556/pdf?version=1605677765","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3591447146","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"107-2221-E-027-084-MY2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3106101884.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3106101884.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974417138","https://openalex.org/W2099706776","https://openalex.org/W2105668185","https://openalex.org/W2129684685","https://openalex.org/W2156561030","https://openalex.org/W2158496938","https://openalex.org/W2504549530","https://openalex.org/W2526662839","https://openalex.org/W2592852349","https://openalex.org/W2755519984","https://openalex.org/W2805165045","https://openalex.org/W2914695435","https://openalex.org/W2969406974","https://openalex.org/W3008806411","https://openalex.org/W3182056462","https://openalex.org/W6683224456"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297152434","https://openalex.org/W2732360296","https://openalex.org/W1994871954","https://openalex.org/W2072858761","https://openalex.org/W1540261775","https://openalex.org/W4200107443","https://openalex.org/W4239033438","https://openalex.org/W1968279762","https://openalex.org/W4318970012","https://openalex.org/W3034214380"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Photoplethysmography":[0],"(PPG),":[1],"a":[2,23,71,90,120,131,134,136,142,164,210,217],"noninvasive":[3,232],"optical":[4],"sensing":[5],"technology,":[6],"has":[7,83,194],"been":[8,195],"widely":[9],"used":[10,152],"to":[11,68,153,162],"measure":[12],"various":[13],"physiological":[14],"indices.":[15],"Over-the-counter":[16],"PPG":[17,29,73,80,156,170,205,212,233],"devices":[18],"are":[19,38,184],"typically":[20],"composed":[21],"of":[22,36,57,102,113,127,188,209,223,231],"single-wavelength":[24,28],"light":[25,218],"source,":[26],"namely,":[27],"(SW-PPG).":[30],"It":[31,193],"is":[32,88,151],"known":[33],"that":[34,94,197,208],"signals":[35,157,171,206],"SW-PPG":[37,182],"easily":[39],"contaminated":[40],"or":[41,76,105],"distorted":[42],"by":[43],"measurement":[44],"conditions":[45],"such":[46],"as":[47],"motion":[48],"artifacts,":[49],"wearing":[50],"pressure,":[51],"and":[52,118,141],"skin":[53,62],"type.":[54],"Since":[55],"lights":[56],"different":[58,65,160,189],"wavelengths":[59,161,226],"can":[60,201],"penetrate":[61],"tissues":[63],"at":[64],"depths,":[66],"how":[67],"effectively":[69],"construct":[70],"multiwavelength":[72],"(MW-PPG)":[74],"device":[75,82,117,125,176,183,200],"even":[77],"an":[78,114],"all-wavelength":[79],"(AW-PPG)":[81],"attracted":[84],"great":[85],"attention.":[86],"There":[87],"also":[89],"very":[91],"interesting":[92],"question,":[93],"is,":[95],"what":[96],"could":[97],"be":[98],"the":[99,111,155,173,180,198,220,228],"potential":[100,221],"benefits":[101,222],"using":[103,224],"MW-PPG":[104],"AW-PPG":[106,115],"devices?":[107],"This":[108],"paper":[109],"demonstrates":[110],"construction":[112],"portable":[116],"conducts":[119],"preliminary":[121],"evaluation.":[122],"The":[123,145,169,214],"presented":[124],"consists":[126],"four":[128],"light-emitting":[129],"diodes,":[130],"chip-scale":[132],"spectrometer,":[133],"microcontroller,":[135],"Bluetooth":[137],"Low":[138],"Energy":[139],"transceiver,":[140],"phone":[143],"app.":[144],"maximum":[146],"ratio":[147,167],"combining":[148],"algorithm":[149],"(MRC)":[150],"combine":[154],"derived":[158],"from":[159,172,179],"achieve":[163],"better":[165],"signal-to-noise":[166],"(S/N).":[168],"developed":[174],"MRC-AW-PPG":[175,199],"versus":[177],"those":[178],"conventional":[181,211],"compared":[185],"in":[186],"terms":[187],"hydrostatic":[190],"pressure":[191],"conditions.":[192],"observed":[196],"provide":[202],"more":[203],"stable":[204],"than":[207],"device.":[213],"results":[215],"shine":[216],"on":[219],"multiple":[225],"for":[227],"next":[229],"generation":[230],"sensing.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-03T09:05:47.796612","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}