{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3105178283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226535","title":"Can We Ditch Feature Engineering? End-to-End Deep Learning for Affect Recognition from Physiological Sensor Data","display_name":"Can We Ditch Feature Engineering? End-to-End Deep Learning for Affect Recognition from Physiological Sensor Data","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3105178283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226535","mag":"3105178283","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33207564"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20226535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226535","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/22/6535/pdf?version=1605521772","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/22/6535/pdf?version=1605521772","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043270761","display_name":"Maciej Dzie\u017cyc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5461-6685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11923345","display_name":"Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/008fyn775","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11923345"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I686019","display_name":"AGH University of Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maciej Dzie\u017cyc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computational Intelligence, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland","Faculty of Computer Science and Management, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5461-6685","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Intelligence, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11923345","https://openalex.org/I686019"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Management, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11923345","https://openalex.org/I686019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037458079","display_name":"Martin Gjoreski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-7418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113529","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/01hdkb925","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113529"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Gjoreski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","Jo\u017eef Stefan Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-7418","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113529"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049612210","display_name":"Przemys\u0142aw Kazienko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5868-356X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11923345","display_name":"Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/008fyn775","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11923345"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I686019","display_name":"AGH University of Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Przemys\u0142aw Kazienko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computational Intelligence, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland","Faculty of Computer Science and Management, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5868-356X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Intelligence, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11923345","https://openalex.org/I686019"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Management, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11923345","https://openalex.org/I686019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106026061","display_name":"Stanis\u0142aw Saganowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3607-5920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11923345","display_name":"Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/008fyn775","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11923345"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I686019","display_name":"AGH University of Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stanis\u0142aw Saganowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computational Intelligence, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland","Faculty of Computer Science and Management, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3607-5920","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Intelligence, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11923345","https://openalex.org/I686019"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Management, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11923345","https://openalex.org/I686019"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043419128","display_name":"Matja\u017e Gams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5747-0711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113529","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/01hdkb925","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113529"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matja\u017e Gams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","Jo\u017eef Stefan Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5747-0711","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113529"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043270761"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11923345","https://openalex.org/I686019"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":5.8981,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96566323,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"22","first_page":"6535","last_page":"6535"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.614728569984436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6084629893302917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5563148260116577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trier-social-stress-test","display_name":"Trier social stress test","score":0.541821300983429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.540452778339386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.5395116209983826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.49704793095588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affective-computing","display_name":"Affective computing","score":0.4969973862171173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.469440221786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.44118812680244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"Feature engineering","score":0.43758901953697205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-technology","display_name":"Wearable technology","score":0.43278875946998596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.43187785148620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-recognition","display_name":"Activity recognition","score":0.41892603039741516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35418611764907837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fight-or-flight-response","display_name":"Fight-or-flight response","score":0.12851497530937195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.09032756090164185}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.614728569984436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6084629893302917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5563148260116577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778597338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7841444","display_name":"Trier social stress test","level":4,"score":0.541821300983429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.540452778339386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.5395116209983826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.49704793095588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6438553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Affective computing","level":2,"score":0.4969973862171173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.469440221786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.44118812680244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.43758901953697205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.43278875946998596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.43187785148620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121687571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity recognition","level":2,"score":0.41892603039741516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35418611764907837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78604142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640582","display_name":"Fight-or-flight response","level":3,"score":0.12851497530937195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09032756090164185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000339","descriptor_name":"Affect","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000339","descriptor_name":"Affect","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000339","descriptor_name":"Affect","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008991","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Physiologic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008991","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Physiologic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008991","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Physiologic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20226535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226535","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/22/6535/pdf?version=1605521772","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33207564","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33207564","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/22/6535/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226535","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 22; Pages: 6535","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7697590","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7697590","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20226535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226535","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/22/6535/pdf?version=1605521772","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1321501256","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"691152 (RENOIR)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","funder_display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2988320508","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016/21/B/ST6/01463","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322511","funder_display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G684190735","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3628/H2020/2016/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322733","funder_display_name":"Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322511","display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","ror":"https://ror.org/03ha2q922"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322733","display_name":"Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki","ror":"https://ror.org/05dwvd537"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3105178283.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3105178283.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560157848","https://openalex.org/W1982149796","https://openalex.org/W2002055708","https://openalex.org/W2029334490","https://openalex.org/W2032512569","https://openalex.org/W2077697924","https://openalex.org/W2103184652","https://openalex.org/W2106411961","https://openalex.org/W2113207845","https://openalex.org/W2128246772","https://openalex.org/W2130175312","https://openalex.org/W2144961120","https://openalex.org/W2150341604","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2171801645","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2339614434","https://openalex.org/W2395482586","https://openalex.org/W2547146855","https://openalex.org/W2551393996","https://openalex.org/W2565944610","https://openalex.org/W2590053392","https://openalex.org/W2604521289","https://openalex.org/W2742338588","https://openalex.org/W2750852530","https://openalex.org/W2799773290","https://openalex.org/W2808955427","https://openalex.org/W2884001105","https://openalex.org/W2890014048","https://openalex.org/W2892035503","https://openalex.org/W2894771803","https://openalex.org/W2898242330","https://openalex.org/W2914009896","https://openalex.org/W2919854899","https://openalex.org/W2947878839","https://openalex.org/W2950173776","https://openalex.org/W2950220847","https://openalex.org/W2951281886","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2965127489","https://openalex.org/W2971516098","https://openalex.org/W2974457857","https://openalex.org/W2982316857","https://openalex.org/W2984017204","https://openalex.org/W2995822500","https://openalex.org/W2997026866","https://openalex.org/W2997412243","https://openalex.org/W2998704965","https://openalex.org/W3015948701","https://openalex.org/W3019253063","https://openalex.org/W3028859075","https://openalex.org/W3033146535","https://openalex.org/W3047531582","https://openalex.org/W3083891030","https://openalex.org/W3090995629","https://openalex.org/W3195839538","https://openalex.org/W4205947740","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6676179485","https://openalex.org/W6680532216","https://openalex.org/W6684191040"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2981401158","https://openalex.org/W2077223757","https://openalex.org/W3203922361","https://openalex.org/W2023477927","https://openalex.org/W3127488068","https://openalex.org/W2797353419","https://openalex.org/W2971925142","https://openalex.org/W1993178543","https://openalex.org/W3172545305","https://openalex.org/W2759690896"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,124],"further":[1],"extend":[2],"the":[3,17,35,65,129,145,148,152,155,160,164,171,192,196],"applicability":[4],"of":[5,37,67,147,154],"wearable":[6,30],"sensors":[7,31],"in":[8],"various":[9],"domains":[10],"such":[11],"as":[12],"mobile":[13],"health":[14],"systems":[15],"and":[16,49,58,99],"automotive":[18],"industry,":[19],"new":[20],"methods":[21,74],"for":[22,75,94,106,137,206],"accurately":[23],"extracting":[24],"subtle":[25],"physiological":[26,41,91,156,210],"information":[27,39],"from":[28,40,115,209],"these":[29],"are":[32,82],"required.":[33],"However,":[34],"extraction":[36],"valuable":[38],"signals":[42,92],"is":[43],"still":[44],"challenging-smartphones":[45],"can":[46],"count":[47],"steps":[48],"compute":[50],"heart":[51],"rate,":[52],"but":[53],"they":[54,179],"cannot":[55],"recognize":[56,167,180],"emotions":[57],"related":[59],"affective":[60,161,186],"states.":[61,101],"This":[62],"study":[63],"analyzes":[64],"possibility":[66],"using":[68],"end-to-end":[69,79],"multimodal":[70],"deep":[71],"learning":[72,114],"(DL)":[73],"affect":[76,95,207],"recognition.":[77],"Ten":[78],"DL":[80,103,131,165],"architectures":[81,104,198,205],"compared":[83],"on":[84,151],"four":[85],"different":[86,130],"datasets":[87],"with":[88],"diverse":[89],"raw":[90],"used":[93,136],"recognition,":[96],"including":[97],"emotional":[98,181],"stress":[100,168],"The":[102,140],"specialized":[105],"time-series":[107],"classification":[108],"were":[109],"enhanced":[110],"to":[111],"simultaneously":[112],"facilitate":[113],"multiple":[116],"sensors,":[117],"each":[118],"having":[119],"their":[120],"own":[121],"sampling":[122],"frequency.":[123],"enable":[125],"fair":[126],"comparison":[127],"among":[128],"architectures,":[132],"Bayesian":[133],"optimization":[134],"was":[135],"hyperparameter":[138],"tuning.":[139],"experimental":[141],"results":[142,193],"showed":[143,194],"that":[144,195],"performance":[146],"models":[149,166],"depends":[150],"intensity":[153],"response":[157],"induced":[158,169,183],"by":[159,170,184],"stimuli,":[162],"i.e.,":[163],"Trier":[172],"Social":[173],"Stress":[174],"Test":[175],"more":[176,201],"successfully":[177],"than":[178,203],"changes":[182],"watching":[185],"content,":[187],"e.g.,":[188],"funny":[189],"videos.":[190],"Additionally,":[191],"CNN-based":[197],"might":[199],"be":[200],"suitable":[202],"LSTM-based":[204],"recognition":[208],"sensors.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}