{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3104058080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226480","title":"Estimating Position from Millisecond Samples of GPS Signals (the \u201cFastFix\u201d Algorithm)","display_name":"Estimating Position from Millisecond Samples of GPS Signals (the \u201cFastFix\u201d Algorithm)","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3104058080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226480","mag":"3104058080","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33202743"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20226480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226480","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/22/6480/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"letter","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/22/6480/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081410565","display_name":"T. C. A. Molteno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2022-0380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","display_name":"University of Otago","ror":"https://ror.org/01jmxt844","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Timothy C. A. Molteno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2022-0380","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081410565"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":9.562,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97554043,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"22","first_page":"6480","last_page":"6480"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9747999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.8825546503067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7388091087341309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps-signals","display_name":"GPS signals","score":0.6908997297286987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps-disciplined-oscillator","display_name":"GPS disciplined oscillator","score":0.6787067651748657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6535308361053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-lightweight-gps-receiver","display_name":"Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver","score":0.6209491491317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-to-first-fix","display_name":"Time to first fix","score":0.5776891708374023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5573781132698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5516780018806458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/millisecond","display_name":"Millisecond","score":0.4897582530975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.45272165536880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assisted-gps","display_name":"Assisted GPS","score":0.4441308081150055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorange","display_name":"Pseudorange","score":0.4261144995689392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps/ins","display_name":"GPS/INS","score":0.4216776490211487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-kinematic","display_name":"Real Time Kinematic","score":0.42062121629714966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.41316449642181396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3485548496246338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps-receiver","display_name":"Gps receiver","score":0.18998152017593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18674683570861816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.15124285221099854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0803271234035492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.8825546503067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7388091087341309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12957241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15903792","display_name":"GPS signals","level":4,"score":0.6908997297286987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80624579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867290","display_name":"GPS disciplined oscillator","level":5,"score":0.6787067651748657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6535308361053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190234968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239523","display_name":"Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver","level":5,"score":0.6209491491317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193648706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805485","display_name":"Time to first fix","level":5,"score":0.5776891708374023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5573781132698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5516780018806458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60327585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q723733","display_name":"Millisecond","level":2,"score":0.4897582530975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.45272165536880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198613851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432394","display_name":"Assisted GPS","level":3,"score":0.4441308081150055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174201072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187347","display_name":"Pseudorange","level":4,"score":0.4261144995689392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193183557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q195126","display_name":"GPS/INS","level":4,"score":0.4216776490211487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93103318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980965","display_name":"Real Time Kinematic","level":4,"score":0.42062121629714966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.41316449642181396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3485548496246338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987779331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1486497","display_name":"Gps receiver","level":4,"score":0.18998152017593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18674683570861816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15124285221099854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0803271234035492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20226480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226480","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/22/6480/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33202743","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33202743","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d3792cb73c534f799914f5da003ea375","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d3792cb73c534f799914f5da003ea375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 22, p 6480 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/22/6480/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 22; Pages: 6480","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7696419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7696419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20226480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226480","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/22/6480/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1594371214","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UOOX0904","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321983","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321983","display_name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","ror":"https://ror.org/02jtq1b51"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3104058080.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3104058080.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526498548","https://openalex.org/W1897454485","https://openalex.org/W1982123412","https://openalex.org/W2019738437","https://openalex.org/W2027146896","https://openalex.org/W2042147476","https://openalex.org/W2049313001","https://openalex.org/W2078281383","https://openalex.org/W2104596748","https://openalex.org/W2122442616","https://openalex.org/W2134078765","https://openalex.org/W2144432207","https://openalex.org/W2151375013","https://openalex.org/W2171074980","https://openalex.org/W2237633991","https://openalex.org/W2277838925","https://openalex.org/W2328018345","https://openalex.org/W2604964131","https://openalex.org/W2982880545","https://openalex.org/W3023975985","https://openalex.org/W3093914434","https://openalex.org/W6631521609","https://openalex.org/W6639737845"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987503182","https://openalex.org/W2386170728","https://openalex.org/W2201435451","https://openalex.org/W2624160186","https://openalex.org/W2602888279","https://openalex.org/W659464456","https://openalex.org/W643009049","https://openalex.org/W4206092518","https://openalex.org/W2523189653","https://openalex.org/W2564388960"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,68],"new":[1],"approach":[2],"to":[3,49,97,109,163],"GPS":[4,17,54,92,111,156],"positioning":[5],"is":[6,74,161],"described":[7],"in":[8,76],"which":[9],"the":[10,59,155,159],"post-processing":[11],"of":[12,15,24,35,58,64,71,91,106,120,131,146],"ultra-short":[13],"sequences":[14],"captured":[16],"signal":[18,94],"data":[19,38],"can":[20],"produce":[21],"an":[22],"estimate":[23,50],"receiver":[25,51],"location.":[26],"The":[27,43],"algorithm,":[28],"called":[29],"'FastFix',":[30],"needs":[31],"only":[32],"2-4":[33],"ms":[34,90],"stored":[36],"L1-band":[37,93],"sampled":[39],"at":[40],"\u223c16":[41],"MHz.":[42],"algorithm":[44,73,160],"uses":[45],"a":[46,77,98,104,117,124],"least-squares":[47],"optimization":[48],"position":[52],"and":[53,62,87,95],"time":[55],"from":[56,129],"measurements":[57],"relative":[60],"codephase,":[61],"Doppler-shift":[63],"GNSS":[65,165],"satellite":[66],"signals.":[67],"practical":[69],"application":[70],"this":[72,132],"demonstrated":[75],"small,":[78],"lightweight,":[79,142],"low-power":[80,99],"tracking":[81,145],"tag":[82,133],"that":[83],"periodically":[84],"wakes-up,":[85],"records":[86],"stores":[88],"4":[89],"returns":[96],"state-reducing":[100],"power":[101],"requirements":[102],"by":[103],"factor":[105],"\u223c10,000":[107],"compared":[108],"typical":[110],"devices.":[112],"Stationary":[113],"device":[114],"testing":[115],"shows":[116],"median":[118],"error":[119],"27.7":[121],"m":[122],"with":[123],"small":[125],"patch":[126],"antenna.":[127],"Results":[128],"deployment":[130],"on":[134,154],"adult":[135],"Royal":[136],"Albatross":[137],"show":[138],"excellent":[139],"performance,":[140],"demonstrating":[141],"solar-powered,":[143],"long-term":[144],"these":[147],"remarkable":[148],"birds.":[149],"This":[150],"work":[151],"was":[152],"performed":[153],"system;":[157],"however,":[158],"applicable":[162],"other":[164],"systems.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-08T08:33:18.762332","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}