{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3095521710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216143","title":"Advanced Modulation Format of Probabilistic Shaping Bit Loading for 450-nm GaN Laser Diode based Visible Light Communication","display_name":"Advanced Modulation Format of Probabilistic Shaping Bit Loading for 450-nm GaN Laser Diode based Visible Light Communication","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3095521710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216143","mag":"3095521710","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33137887"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20216143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216143","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/21/6143/pdf?version=1603943058","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"letter","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/21/6143/pdf?version=1603943058","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100354158","display_name":"Guoqiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7704-2984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoqiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Wave (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7704-2984","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Wave (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021290324","display_name":"Fangchen Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3859-1558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangchen Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Wave (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Wave (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111394086","display_name":"Peng Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1372-9236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Wave (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Wave (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100636443","display_name":"Chaofan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3186-005X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaofan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Wave (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Wave (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080426358","display_name":"Gong\u2010Ru Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2061-1282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gong-Ru Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2061-1282","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081905634","display_name":"Nan Chi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4966-3844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nan Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Wave (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Wave (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081905634"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.0403,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77018065,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"21","first_page":"6143","last_page":"6143"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.7158282399177551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.540439784526825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.49711039662361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space-optical-communication","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","score":0.47264212369918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.4693984091281891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.45631206035614014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44991159439086914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.42417415976524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.41087886691093445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4062359035015106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3174019157886505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.30146390199661255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.25253811478614807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2451688051223755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17912423610687256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.166153222322464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.09973782300949097}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.7158282399177551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.540439784526825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.49711039662361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.47264212369918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.4693984091281891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.45631206035614014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44991159439086914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.42417415976524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.41087886691093445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4062359035015106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3174019157886505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.30146390199661255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.25253811478614807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2451688051223755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17912423610687256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.166153222322464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.09973782300949097}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20216143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216143","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/21/6143/pdf?version=1603943058","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33137887","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33137887","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/21/6143/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216143","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 21; Pages: 6143","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7663764","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7663764","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20216143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216143","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/21/6143/pdf?version=1603943058","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2355568903","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB0403603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G541966655","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.61925104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5776499988","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61925104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3095521710.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3095521710.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W627952176","https://openalex.org/W1599111019","https://openalex.org/W1749807555","https://openalex.org/W1750824792","https://openalex.org/W1981359905","https://openalex.org/W2063817369","https://openalex.org/W2070932098","https://openalex.org/W2076823813","https://openalex.org/W2089870539","https://openalex.org/W2092070018","https://openalex.org/W2115001548","https://openalex.org/W2159399605","https://openalex.org/W2166826179","https://openalex.org/W2546641394","https://openalex.org/W2587227857","https://openalex.org/W2597737612","https://openalex.org/W2762518394","https://openalex.org/W2772833206","https://openalex.org/W2792475435","https://openalex.org/W2798360594","https://openalex.org/W2903691136","https://openalex.org/W2952222053","https://openalex.org/W2956616461","https://openalex.org/W2971568174","https://openalex.org/W3009867961","https://openalex.org/W3012976165","https://openalex.org/W3037521728","https://openalex.org/W4240970933","https://openalex.org/W6673472223"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385305578","https://openalex.org/W4296990932","https://openalex.org/W2351254294","https://openalex.org/W2001881550","https://openalex.org/W3102516704","https://openalex.org/W2904463789","https://openalex.org/W4386214712","https://openalex.org/W1971326319","https://openalex.org/W2188994282","https://openalex.org/W1581377347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Visible":[0],"light":[1,49],"communication":[2,9,50],"is":[3,41,65,118],"an":[4,110,149],"emerging":[5],"high-speed":[6],"optical":[7],"wireless":[8],"technology":[10],"that":[11,152,160],"can":[12,87,145],"be":[13,88,146],"a":[14,44,54,129,161],"candidate":[15],"to":[16,75,101,169],"alleviate":[17],"pressure":[18],"on":[19,53],"conventional":[20],"radio":[21],"frequency-based":[22],"technology.":[23],"In":[24],"this":[25],"paper,":[26],"for":[27],"the":[28,31,63,77,82,91,122,154,167,171],"first":[29],"time,":[30],"advanced":[32],"modulation":[33,73,97],"format":[34],"of":[35,62,115,125],"probabilistic":[36],"shaping":[37],"(PS)":[38],"bit":[39,69,102,108,163],"loading":[40,70,164],"investigated":[42],"in":[43,90,128],"high":[45],"data":[46],"rate":[47,113],"visible":[48],"system":[51,64,83,172],"based":[52],"450-nm":[55],"Gallium":[56],"Nitride":[57],"laser":[58],"diode.":[59],"The":[60],"characteristic":[61],"discussed":[66],"and":[67,80,96,103],"PS":[68,107,162],"discrete":[71],"multi-tone":[72],"helps":[74],"raise":[76],"spectral":[78],"efficiency":[79],"improve":[81],"performance.":[84],"Higher":[85],"entropy":[86],"achieved":[89,120],"same":[92],"signal-to-noise":[93],"ratio":[94],"(SNR)":[95],"bandwidth":[98,124],"limitation,":[99],"comparing":[100],"power":[104],"loading.":[105],"With":[106],"loading,":[109],"available":[111],"information":[112,139],"(AIR)":[114],"10.23":[116],"Gbps":[117],"successfully":[119],"at":[121],"signal":[123],"1.5":[126],"GHz":[127],"1.2":[130],"m":[131],"free":[132],"space":[133],"transmission":[134],"with":[135,148],"normalized":[136],"generalized":[137],"mutual":[138],"above":[140],"0.92.":[141],"And":[142],"higher":[143],"AIR":[144],"anticipated":[147],"entropy-loading":[150],"strategy":[151],"fixes":[153],"channel":[155],"characteristic.":[156],"Experimental":[157],"results":[158],"validate":[159],"scheme":[165],"has":[166],"potential":[168],"increase":[170],"capacity.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
