{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3093914434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216050","title":"Comparison of Enhanced Noise Model Performance Based on Analysis of Civilian GPS Data","display_name":"Comparison of Enhanced Noise Model Performance Based on Analysis of Civilian GPS Data","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3093914434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216050","mag":"3093914434","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33114285"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20216050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216050","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/21/6050/pdf?version=1603520955","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/21/6050/pdf?version=1603520955","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021963094","display_name":"Andy W. R. Soundy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","display_name":"University of Otago","ror":"https://ror.org/01jmxt844","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andy W. R. Soundy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, University of Otago, 730 Cumberland St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Otago, 730 Cumberland St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033962728","display_name":"Bradley J. Panckhurst","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","display_name":"University of Otago","ror":"https://ror.org/01jmxt844","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bradley J. Panckhurst","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, University of Otago, 730 Cumberland St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Otago, 730 Cumberland St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117594109","display_name":"Phillip Brown","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","display_name":"University of Otago","ror":"https://ror.org/01jmxt844","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phillip Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, University of Otago, 730 Cumberland St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Otago, 730 Cumberland St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001664912","display_name":"Andrew D. Martin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6532-0721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","display_name":"University of Otago","ror":"https://ror.org/01jmxt844","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, University of Otago, 730 Cumberland St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Otago, 730 Cumberland St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081410565","display_name":"T. C. A. Molteno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2022-0380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","display_name":"University of Otago","ror":"https://ror.org/01jmxt844","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy C. A. Molteno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, University of Otago, 730 Cumberland St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2022-0380","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Otago, 730 Cumberland St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026880447","display_name":"D\u00e1niel Schumayer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4797-1712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","display_name":"University of Otago","ror":"https://ror.org/01jmxt844","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Schumayer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, University of Otago, 730 Cumberland St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4797-1712","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Otago, 730 Cumberland St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026880447"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":9.7742,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97591719,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"21","first_page":"6050","last_page":"6050"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/akaike-information-criterion","display_name":"Akaike information criterion","score":0.8589648008346558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoregressive-model","display_name":"Autoregressive model","score":0.7494311928749084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autocorrelation","display_name":"Autocorrelation","score":0.7157546877861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.6731037497520447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5729691982269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.557573139667511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5365320444107056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-noise","display_name":"White noise","score":0.4908807873725891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-noise","display_name":"Gaussian noise","score":0.44656094908714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35299986600875854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.33878904581069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24186956882476807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18817508220672607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.13198813796043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1170281171798706}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126674687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662573","display_name":"Akaike information criterion","level":2,"score":0.8589648008346558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159877910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202883","display_name":"Autoregressive model","level":2,"score":0.7494311928749084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5297727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786970","display_name":"Autocorrelation","level":2,"score":0.7157546877861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.6731037497520447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5729691982269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.557573139667511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5365320444107056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112633086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381287","display_name":"White noise","level":2,"score":0.4908807873725891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4199805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725903","display_name":"Gaussian noise","level":2,"score":0.44656094908714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35299986600875854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.33878904581069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24186956882476807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18817508220672607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.13198813796043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1170281171798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20216050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216050","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/21/6050/pdf?version=1603520955","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33114285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33114285","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/21/6050/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216050","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 21; Pages: 6050","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7660693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7660693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20216050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216050","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/21/6050/pdf?version=1603520955","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2138740698","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UOOX-1208","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321983","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321983","display_name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","ror":"https://ror.org/02jtq1b51"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329949","display_name":"Dodd-Walls Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05p61mv27"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093914434.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093914434.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W592485236","https://openalex.org/W597511998","https://openalex.org/W632810548","https://openalex.org/W1575104486","https://openalex.org/W1587896874","https://openalex.org/W1596607002","https://openalex.org/W1965453648","https://openalex.org/W1970070532","https://openalex.org/W1970685828","https://openalex.org/W1974230855","https://openalex.org/W1975107026","https://openalex.org/W1990701202","https://openalex.org/W2005047575","https://openalex.org/W2009728420","https://openalex.org/W2012028249","https://openalex.org/W2016287239","https://openalex.org/W2017957151","https://openalex.org/W2018252114","https://openalex.org/W2024318216","https://openalex.org/W2033263428","https://openalex.org/W2039312100","https://openalex.org/W2041580614","https://openalex.org/W2060803307","https://openalex.org/W2066577158","https://openalex.org/W2093230975","https://openalex.org/W2096426694","https://openalex.org/W2107162145","https://openalex.org/W2114959282","https://openalex.org/W2124199917","https://openalex.org/W2131461573","https://openalex.org/W2133078529","https://openalex.org/W2142635246","https://openalex.org/W2148566104","https://openalex.org/W2148665446","https://openalex.org/W2156841324","https://openalex.org/W2165978176","https://openalex.org/W2168175751","https://openalex.org/W2170316986","https://openalex.org/W2224491523","https://openalex.org/W2321541861","https://openalex.org/W2525046407","https://openalex.org/W2591534695","https://openalex.org/W2595806108","https://openalex.org/W2615960918","https://openalex.org/W2744663997","https://openalex.org/W2795847146","https://openalex.org/W2796529750","https://openalex.org/W2920963511","https://openalex.org/W4206302131","https://openalex.org/W4231021340","https://openalex.org/W4238235003","https://openalex.org/W4239953570","https://openalex.org/W4246587917","https://openalex.org/W4251553265","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4292963524","https://openalex.org/W6620237975","https://openalex.org/W6635999912","https://openalex.org/W6728262249","https://openalex.org/W6734113748","https://openalex.org/W6742674658","https://openalex.org/W6826716764"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1538052603","https://openalex.org/W2281106930","https://openalex.org/W2009634731","https://openalex.org/W1594823725","https://openalex.org/W2115641179","https://openalex.org/W2893235368","https://openalex.org/W1554187424","https://openalex.org/W3093914434","https://openalex.org/W2949188392","https://openalex.org/W1854399023"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,70],"recorded":[1],"the":[2,46],"time":[3],"series":[4],"of":[5,18,25,102],"location":[6],"data":[7,27],"from":[8],"stationary,":[9],"single-frequency":[10],"(L1)":[11],"GPS":[12,87],"positioning":[13],"systems":[14],"at":[15],"a":[16,74],"variety":[17],"geographic":[19],"locations.":[20],"The":[21,32],"empirical":[22],"autocorrelation":[23],"function":[24],"these":[26],"shows":[28],"significant":[29],"temporal":[30],"correlations.":[31],"Gaussian":[33],"white":[34],"noise":[35,77],"model,":[36],"widely":[37],"used":[38],"in":[39],"sensor-fusion":[40],"algorithms,":[41],"does":[42],"not":[43],"account":[44],"for":[45],"observed":[47],"autocorrelations":[48],"and":[49],"has":[50],"an":[51,64,67,95],"artificially":[52],"large":[53],"variance.":[54],"Noise-model":[55],"analysis-using":[56],"Akaike's":[57],"Information":[58],"Criterion-favours":[59],"alternative":[60,96],"models,":[61],"such":[62],"as":[63],"Ornstein-Uhlenbeck":[65],"or":[66,107],"autoregressive":[68],"process.":[69],"suggest":[71],"that":[72,84],"incorporating":[73],"suitable":[75],"enhanced":[76],"model":[78],"into":[79],"applications":[80],"(e.g.,":[81,104],"Kalman":[82],"Filters)":[83],"rely":[85],"on":[86],"position":[88],"estimates":[89],"will":[90],"improve":[91],"performance.":[92],"This":[93],"provides":[94],"to":[97],"explicitly":[98],"modelling":[99],"possible":[100],"sources":[101],"correlation":[103],"multipath,":[105],"shadowing,":[106],"other":[108],"second-order":[109],"physical":[110],"phenomena).":[111]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}