{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3093980183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205917","title":"Ionosphere-Constrained Single-Frequency PPP with an Android Smartphone and Assessment of GNSS Observations","display_name":"Ionosphere-Constrained Single-Frequency PPP with an Android Smartphone and Assessment of GNSS Observations","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3093980183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205917","mag":"3093980183","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33092084"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20205917","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205917","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/20/5917/pdf?version=1603350335","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/20/5917/pdf?version=1603350335","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101993258","display_name":"Guangxing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4437-9951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangxing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090886060","display_name":"Yadong Bo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yadong Bo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100671356","display_name":"Yu Qiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-9424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079646423","display_name":"Min Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4186-0766"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055365391","display_name":"Zhihao Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1687-5023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihao Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051619048","display_name":"Yu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3014-9012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051619048"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":26.7269,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99106036,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"20","first_page":"5917","last_page":"5917"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.9403411149978638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precise-point-positioning","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","score":0.8398817777633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.7215324640274048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6396713852882385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.5598999261856079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5020239353179932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.49247273802757263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3301866054534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.24860525131225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10209649801254272}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.9403411149978638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.8398817777633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.7215324640274048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6396713852882385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5598999261856079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5020239353179932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.49247273802757263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3301866054534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.24860525131225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10209649801254272}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20205917","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205917","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/20/5917/pdf?version=1603350335","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33092084","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33092084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:304f3d3d487547a0adc646dd76822c97","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/304f3d3d487547a0adc646dd76822c97","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 20, p 5917 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/20/5917/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20205917","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 20; Pages: 5917","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7589309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7589309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20205917","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205917","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/20/5917/pdf?version=1603350335","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2303097509","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Geodesy","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324116","funder_display_name":"Wuhan University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2376276132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2870525900","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Wuhan","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3085993365","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3334600211","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42004073","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3786745975","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Wuhan","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5167091242","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7726157001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G844239149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41804033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8951484681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324116","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328899","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336733","display_name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093980183.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093980183.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1580547381","https://openalex.org/W1969608025","https://openalex.org/W2094280389","https://openalex.org/W2116052202","https://openalex.org/W2291985881","https://openalex.org/W2359383890","https://openalex.org/W2560798958","https://openalex.org/W2613844257","https://openalex.org/W2766426467","https://openalex.org/W2782631487","https://openalex.org/W2802985221","https://openalex.org/W2804708163","https://openalex.org/W2887998008","https://openalex.org/W2908182331","https://openalex.org/W2944198247","https://openalex.org/W2954359874","https://openalex.org/W2976116828","https://openalex.org/W2994692902","https://openalex.org/W3015156729","https://openalex.org/W3035235746","https://openalex.org/W6768380659"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3084744931","https://openalex.org/W2902549258","https://openalex.org/W2968867052","https://openalex.org/W4220774937","https://openalex.org/W4306248906","https://openalex.org/W4385199229","https://openalex.org/W4306291904","https://openalex.org/W3206199341","https://openalex.org/W2981911444","https://openalex.org/W3163354205"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,10,20,28,43,52,55,59,81,84,93,96,108,114,126,129,141,144],"development":[2],"of":[3,12,17,23,30,51,61,107,125],"Global":[4],"Navigation":[5],"Satellite":[6],"System":[7],"(GNSS)":[8],"and":[9,48,69,98,103,113,143],"opening":[11],"Application":[13],"Programming":[14],"Interface":[15],"(API)":[16],"Android":[18,24],"terminals,":[19],"positioning":[21,49,94,123],"research":[22],"terminals":[25],"has":[26],"attracted":[27],"attention":[29],"GNSS":[31,45],"community.":[32],"In":[33],"this":[34],"paper,":[35],"three":[36],"static":[37],"experiments":[38],"were":[39],"conducted":[40],"to":[41,91],"analyze":[42],"raw":[44],"observations":[46],"quality":[47],"performances":[50],"smartphones.":[53],"For":[54],"two":[56],"experimental":[57],"smartphones,":[58,97],"numbers":[60],"visible":[62],"satellites":[63],"with":[64,95,105,128,140],"dual-frequency":[65,73],"signals":[66],"are":[67,133,148],"unstable":[68],"not":[70],"enough":[71],"for":[72],"Precise":[74],"Point":[75,110],"Positioning":[76,111],"(PPP)":[77],"processing":[78],"all":[79],"through":[80],"day.":[82],"Therefore,":[83],"ionosphere-constrained":[85],"single-frequency":[86],"PPP":[87,116,131,146],"model":[88,132],"was":[89,101],"employed":[90],"improve":[92],"its":[99],"performance":[100],"evaluated":[102],"compared":[104],"those":[106,139],"Single":[109],"(SPP)":[112],"traditional":[115,145],"models.":[117],"The":[118],"results":[119],"show":[120],"that":[121],"horizontal":[122],"accuracies":[124],"smartphones":[127],"improved":[130],"better":[134],"than":[135],"1":[136],"m,":[137],"while":[138],"SPP":[142],"models":[147],"about":[149],"2":[150],"m.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
