{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3093105145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205858","title":"CT-RPL: Cluster Tree Based Routing Protocol to Maximize the Lifetime of Internet of Things","display_name":"CT-RPL: Cluster Tree Based Routing Protocol to Maximize the Lifetime of Internet of Things","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3093105145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205858","mag":"3093105145"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20205858","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205858","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/20/5858/pdf?version=1603101933","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/20/5858/pdf?version=1603101933","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103931556","display_name":"Sennan Sankar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sennan Sankar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem 636005, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem 636005, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019927665","display_name":"Somula Ramasubbareddy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3306-6589"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Somula Ramasubbareddy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering &amp; Technology, Hyderabad 500090, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering &amp; Technology, Hyderabad 500090, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003949731","display_name":"Ashish Kr. Luhach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8759-0290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119444370","display_name":"Papua New Guinea University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/012g45386","country_code":"PG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119444370"]}],"countries":["PG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashish Kr. Luhach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, The PNG University of Technology, Lae 411, Papua New Guinea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, The PNG University of Technology, Lae 411, Papua New Guinea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119444370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091880648","display_name":"Anand Nayyar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9821-6146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170238339","display_name":"Duy Tan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ezss144","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170238339"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anand Nayyar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam","Graduate School, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170238339"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170238339"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083814185","display_name":"Basit Qureshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7389-519X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Basit Qureshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics and Internet of Things Lab, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 12435, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics and Internet of Things Lab, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 12435, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091880648"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170238339"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":5.3426,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95905834,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"20","first_page":"5858","last_page":"5858"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7219467163085938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6829618215560913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.6746559143066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6244105100631714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.586432158946991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.33495327830314636}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7219467163085938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6829618215560913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.6746559143066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6244105100631714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.586432158946991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.33495327830314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20205858","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205858","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/20/5858/pdf?version=1603101933","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:896c53babd324e1cbac41ac472772b36","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/896c53babd324e1cbac41ac472772b36","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 20, p 5858 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/20/5858/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20205858","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 20; Pages: 5858","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7589141","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7589141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20205858","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205858","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/20/5858/pdf?version=1603101933","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093105145.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093105145.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W349733693","https://openalex.org/W1972012147","https://openalex.org/W2054588061","https://openalex.org/W2091138895","https://openalex.org/W2111162011","https://openalex.org/W2126311411","https://openalex.org/W2311368598","https://openalex.org/W2344783839","https://openalex.org/W2395619297","https://openalex.org/W2491629412","https://openalex.org/W2513269131","https://openalex.org/W2524126985","https://openalex.org/W2587938731","https://openalex.org/W2591762692","https://openalex.org/W2737333704","https://openalex.org/W2767663147","https://openalex.org/W2769593477","https://openalex.org/W2771010023","https://openalex.org/W2776619008","https://openalex.org/W2788473084","https://openalex.org/W2801592037","https://openalex.org/W2808302139","https://openalex.org/W2809371654","https://openalex.org/W2888540275","https://openalex.org/W2897813803","https://openalex.org/W2898316535","https://openalex.org/W2904839538","https://openalex.org/W2905503927","https://openalex.org/W2912292549","https://openalex.org/W2913367076","https://openalex.org/W2917141520","https://openalex.org/W2919351842","https://openalex.org/W2919421803","https://openalex.org/W2941015878","https://openalex.org/W2941632586","https://openalex.org/W2942105643","https://openalex.org/W2942822651","https://openalex.org/W2944021806","https://openalex.org/W2949902554","https://openalex.org/W2955425939","https://openalex.org/W2959475872","https://openalex.org/W2972071577","https://openalex.org/W2973344609","https://openalex.org/W2976125381","https://openalex.org/W2986566470","https://openalex.org/W2990793562","https://openalex.org/W2996305368","https://openalex.org/W2998200264","https://openalex.org/W2998803561","https://openalex.org/W2999582147","https://openalex.org/W2999729263","https://openalex.org/W3014019835","https://openalex.org/W3045049234","https://openalex.org/W3048555978","https://openalex.org/W3123131349","https://openalex.org/W6676974665","https://openalex.org/W6712308168","https://openalex.org/W6752481376","https://openalex.org/W6755666267","https://openalex.org/W6761422258","https://openalex.org/W6781763407"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4298130764","https://openalex.org/W2804364458","https://openalex.org/W2132641928","https://openalex.org/W4310225030","https://openalex.org/W2090259340","https://openalex.org/W1926736923","https://openalex.org/W2158836806","https://openalex.org/W2393816671","https://openalex.org/W2083665254","https://openalex.org/W2942177010"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Energy":[0],"conservation":[1],"is":[2,32,138,148,158,177,190],"one":[3],"of":[4,12,50,110,187,227],"the":[5,10,42,46,51,63,66,71,74,85,94,107,111,115,119,142,156,161,193,212,217,222,225,228,233],"most":[6],"critical":[7],"challenges":[8],"in":[9,59],"Internet":[11],"Things":[13],"(IoT).":[14],"IoT":[15],"devices":[16],"are":[17],"incredibly":[18],"resource-constrained":[19],"and":[20,27,61,69,88,113,133,170,199,203,215,232],"possess":[21],"miniature":[22],"power":[23],"sources,":[24],"small":[25],"memory,":[26],"limited":[28],"processing":[29],"ability.":[30],"Clustering":[31],"a":[33,56,99,151,182,188],"popular":[34],"method":[35],"to":[36,45,73,93,105],"avoid":[37,114],"duplicate":[38],"data":[39,64,72,86,116],"transfer":[40,87],"from":[41,65],"participant":[43],"node":[44],"destination.":[47],"The":[48,77,122,136,145,175,185],"selection":[49,80,147],"cluster":[52,67,100,128,130,137],"head":[53,131],"(CH)":[54],"plays":[55],"crucial":[57],"role":[58],"gathering":[60],"aggregating":[62],"members":[68],"forwarding":[70],"sink":[75],"node.":[76],"inefficient":[78],"CH":[79,146],"causes":[81],"packet":[82,218,234],"failures":[83],"during":[84],"early":[89],"battery":[90],"depletion":[91],"nearer":[92],"sink.":[95],"This":[96],"paper":[97],"proposes":[98],"tree-based":[101],"routing":[102,208],"protocol":[103],"(CT-RPL)":[104],"increase":[106],"life":[108],"span":[109],"network":[112,120,229],"traffic":[117,213],"among":[118],"nodes.":[121],"CT-RPL":[123,189,223],"involves":[124],"three":[125],"processes,":[126],"namely":[127],"formation,":[129],"selection,":[132],"route":[134,157],"establishment.":[135],"formed":[139],"based":[140],"on":[141],"Euclidean":[143],"distance.":[144],"accomplished":[149],"using":[150,160,181],"game":[152],"theoretic":[153],"approach.":[154],"Finally,":[155],"established":[159],"metrics":[162],"residual":[163],"energy":[164],"ratio":[165,236],"(RER),":[166],"queue":[167],"utilization":[168],"(QU),":[169],"expected":[171],"transmission":[172],"count":[173],"(ETX).":[174],"simulation":[176],"carried":[178],"out":[179],"by":[180,230,237],"COOJA":[183],"simulator.":[184],"efficiency":[186],"compared":[191],"with":[192],"Routing":[194],"Protocol":[195],"for":[196],"Low":[197],"Power":[198],"Lossy":[200],"Networks":[201],"(RPL)":[202],"energy-efficient":[204],"heterogeneous":[205],"ring":[206],"clustering":[207],"(E2HRC-RPL),":[209],"which":[210],"reduces":[211],"load":[214],"decreases":[216],"loss":[219],"ratio.":[220],"Thus,":[221],"enhances":[224],"lifetime":[226],"30\u201340%":[231],"delivery":[235],"5\u201310%.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T08:04:53.788161","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
