{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3092586013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20195697","title":"Clustering-Based Component Fraction Estimation in Solid\u2013Liquid Two-Phase Flow in Dredging Engineering","display_name":"Clustering-Based Component Fraction Estimation in Solid\u2013Liquid Two-Phase Flow in Dredging Engineering","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3092586013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20195697","mag":"3092586013","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33036261"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20195697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20195697","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/19/5697/pdf?version=1602582559","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/19/5697/pdf?version=1602582559","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101092287","display_name":"Chang Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Automation and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Automation and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018962276","display_name":"Shihong Yue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3473-2704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shihong Yue","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Automation and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Automation and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101936139","display_name":"Qi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2825-3531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Automation and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2825-3531","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Automation and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101809949","display_name":"Huaxiang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8792-0760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huaxiang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Automation and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8792-0760","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Automation and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018962276"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.5202,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65645412,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"19","first_page":"5697","last_page":"5697"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12537","display_name":"Flow Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.7599278092384338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.6441197395324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dredging","display_name":"Dredging","score":0.5509518384933472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49891090393066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.4656079113483429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-clustering","display_name":"Fuzzy clustering","score":0.4432212710380554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fraction","display_name":"Fraction (chemistry)","score":0.4253655672073364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.4215206503868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3578298091888428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3265230655670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.26940783858299255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24997755885124207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.10643601417541504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1039489209651947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromatography","display_name":"Chromatography","score":0.10231611132621765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.7599278092384338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.6441197395324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781279111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852170","display_name":"Dredging","level":2,"score":0.5509518384933472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49891090393066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.4656079113483429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17212007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5511111","display_name":"Fuzzy clustering","level":3,"score":0.4432212710380554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149629883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660926","display_name":"Fraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4253655672073364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4215206503868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3578298091888428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3265230655670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26940783858299255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24997755885124207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.10643601417541504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1039489209651947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.10231611132621765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20195697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20195697","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/19/5697/pdf?version=1602582559","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33036261","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33036261","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8dd5b277a3e7413e907ae9bab3e38df3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8dd5b277a3e7413e907ae9bab3e38df3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 19, p 5697 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/19/5697/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195697","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 19; Pages: 5697","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7583740","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7583740","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20195697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20195697","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/19/5697/pdf?version=1602582559","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6288664033","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61973232","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7273963780","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61573251","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3092586013.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3092586013.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1529143866","https://openalex.org/W1968275267","https://openalex.org/W1974536479","https://openalex.org/W1976645109","https://openalex.org/W2000829965","https://openalex.org/W2009343761","https://openalex.org/W2021363669","https://openalex.org/W2040220980","https://openalex.org/W2041606718","https://openalex.org/W2053474916","https://openalex.org/W2106964680","https://openalex.org/W2132451085","https://openalex.org/W2134924941","https://openalex.org/W2144035975","https://openalex.org/W2217096638","https://openalex.org/W2530307286","https://openalex.org/W2642831078","https://openalex.org/W2771262040","https://openalex.org/W2913112323","https://openalex.org/W2969699574","https://openalex.org/W2988659410","https://openalex.org/W3010832069","https://openalex.org/W3016447786","https://openalex.org/W3021060255","https://openalex.org/W3084254881"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2945382830","https://openalex.org/W4224807364","https://openalex.org/W2596632494","https://openalex.org/W2535986621","https://openalex.org/W1980197432","https://openalex.org/W2382432689","https://openalex.org/W4312412183","https://openalex.org/W3192757256","https://openalex.org/W4292434959","https://openalex.org/W1973826313"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Component":[0],"fraction":[1],"(CF)":[2],"is":[3,42,65,94,115,144],"one":[4],"of":[5,17,46,88,99,123,182,204,224],"the":[6,15,18,22,61,69,86,97,100,121,136,148,176,180,188,199,216,222,225],"most":[7],"important":[8],"parameters":[9],"in":[10,28,72,76,125,175,208],"multiple-phase":[11],"flow.":[12],"Due":[13],"to":[14,51,67,107,119,146,151,156],"complexity":[16],"solid-liquid":[19,73],"two-phase":[20,74],"flow,":[21],"CF":[23,70,92,177,189,206,238],"estimation":[24],"remains":[25,191],"unsolved":[26],"both":[27],"scientific":[29],"research":[30],"and":[31,56,112,160,163,228,233],"industrial":[32],"application":[33],"for":[34,237],"a":[35,132,140,202,231],"long":[36],"time.":[37],"Electrical":[38],"resistance":[39],"tomography":[40],"(ERT)":[41],"an":[43],"advanced":[44],"type":[45],"conductivity":[47],"detection":[48],"technique":[49],"due":[50],"its":[52],"low-cost,":[53],"fast-response,":[54],"non-invasive,":[55],"non-radiation":[57],"characteristics.":[58],"However,":[59],"when":[60],"existing":[62,226],"ERT":[63,149],"method":[64,133,218],"used":[66,145],"measure":[68],"value":[71,93,190],"flow":[75],"dredging":[77,209],"engineering,":[78],"there":[79,114],"are":[80],"at":[81],"least":[82],"three":[83,152],"problems:":[84],"(1)":[85],"dependence":[87],"reference":[89,173],"distribution":[90,174],"whose":[91],"zero;":[95],"(2)":[96],"size":[98],"detected":[101],"objects":[102,185],"may":[103],"be":[104,108],"too":[105],"small":[106,183],"found":[109],"by":[110,194],"ERT;":[111],"(3)":[113],"no":[116],"efficient":[117],"way":[118,236],"estimate":[120],"effect":[122],"artifacts":[124],"ERT.":[126],"In":[127,179],"this":[128],"paper,":[129],"we":[130],"proposed":[131],"based":[134],"on":[135],"clustering":[137,142,167],"technique,":[138],"where":[139],"fast-fuzzy":[141],"algorithm":[143,168],"partition":[147],"image":[150],"clusters":[153],"that":[154,215],"respond":[155],"liquid,":[157],"solid":[158,184],"phases,":[159],"their":[161],"mixtures":[162],"artifacts,":[164,187],"respectively.":[165],"The":[166],"does":[169],"not":[170],"need":[171],"any":[172],"estimation.":[178,239],"case":[181],"or":[186],"effectively":[192,220],"computed":[193],"prior":[195],"information.":[196],"To":[197],"validate":[198],"new":[200,217],"method,":[201,227],"group":[203],"typical":[205],"estimations":[207],"engineering":[210],"were":[211],"implemented.":[212],"Results":[213],"show":[214],"can":[219,229],"overcome":[221],"limitations":[223],"provide":[230],"practical":[232],"more":[234],"accurate":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
