{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3089593707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20195621","title":"Recognition of Non-Manual Content in Continuous Japanese Sign Language","display_name":"Recognition of Non-Manual Content in Continuous Japanese Sign Language","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3089593707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20195621","mag":"3089593707","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33019608"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20195621","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20195621","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/19/5621/pdf?version=1601545740","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/19/5621/pdf?version=1601545740","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002842562","display_name":"Heike Brock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9530-4714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283473643","display_name":"Honda (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jzay846","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283473643"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Heike Brock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Honda Research Institute Japan Co., Ltd., Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0188, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9530-4714","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Honda Research Institute Japan Co., Ltd., Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0188, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283473643"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038501414","display_name":"Iva Farag","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91712215","display_name":"Saarland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jdpyv68","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iva Farag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091708408","display_name":"Kazuhiro Nakadai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6134-4558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283473643","display_name":"Honda (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jzay846","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283473643"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuhiro Nakadai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Honda Research Institute Japan Co., Ltd., Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0188, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6134-4558","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Honda Research Institute Japan Co., Ltd., Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0188, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283473643"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002842562"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283473643"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":2.1881,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86750979,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"19","first_page":"5621","last_page":"5621"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11285","display_name":"Hearing Impairment and Communication","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7943891286849976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign-language","display_name":"Sign language","score":0.6840884685516357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.6379088163375854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5976377129554749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.579643964767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5733749270439148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5726742148399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.5168305039405823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.516395628452301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variation","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","score":0.49685290455818176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.4940672218799591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.44229042530059814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.43918564915657043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.4317011833190918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-sign-language","display_name":"American Sign Language","score":0.42331463098526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.41662371158599854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3996604084968567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35449135303497314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.1387186050415039}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7943891286849976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522192633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228","display_name":"Sign language","level":2,"score":0.6840884685516357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.6379088163375854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5976377129554749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.579643964767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5733749270439148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5726742148399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.5168305039405823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.516395628452301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.49685290455818176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.4940672218799591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44229042530059814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.43918564915657043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.4317011833190918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776737515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14759","display_name":"American Sign Language","level":3,"score":0.42331463098526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.41662371158599854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3996604084968567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35449135303497314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1387186050415039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007564","descriptor_name":"Japan","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007564","descriptor_name":"Japan","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007564","descriptor_name":"Japan","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008037","descriptor_name":"Linguistics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008037","descriptor_name":"Linguistics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008037","descriptor_name":"Linguistics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012813","descriptor_name":"Sign Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012813","descriptor_name":"Sign Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012813","descriptor_name":"Sign Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20195621","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20195621","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/19/5621/pdf?version=1601545740","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33019608","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33019608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bae13d5e6bc7421fa771b96b6e8ae227","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bae13d5e6bc7421fa771b96b6e8ae227","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 19, p 5621 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/19/5621/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195621","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 19; Pages: 5621","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7582855","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7582855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20195621","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20195621","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/19/5621/pdf?version=1601545740","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3089593707.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3089593707.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W581810680","https://openalex.org/W1906915714","https://openalex.org/W1972692077","https://openalex.org/W1980601381","https://openalex.org/W2004074725","https://openalex.org/W2012151440","https://openalex.org/W2036468188","https://openalex.org/W2150745824","https://openalex.org/W2158509166","https://openalex.org/W2168689565","https://openalex.org/W2243012843","https://openalex.org/W2250670799","https://openalex.org/W2255781698","https://openalex.org/W2477022472","https://openalex.org/W2533816498","https://openalex.org/W2549053973","https://openalex.org/W2559085405","https://openalex.org/W2587277634","https://openalex.org/W2602311553","https://openalex.org/W2609211631","https://openalex.org/W2746301562","https://openalex.org/W2751594996","https://openalex.org/W2759302818","https://openalex.org/W2761860076","https://openalex.org/W2789359900","https://openalex.org/W2799020610","https://openalex.org/W2806908356","https://openalex.org/W2895638065","https://openalex.org/W2898200611","https://openalex.org/W2899672625","https://openalex.org/W2899768692","https://openalex.org/W2902726535","https://openalex.org/W2903314716","https://openalex.org/W2908497602","https://openalex.org/W2938490304","https://openalex.org/W2941870244","https://openalex.org/W2963488642","https://openalex.org/W2964253156","https://openalex.org/W2964304707","https://openalex.org/W3024468270","https://openalex.org/W3103858256","https://openalex.org/W6762422539"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2089405242","https://openalex.org/W2004685257","https://openalex.org/W1977288663","https://openalex.org/W3102673927","https://openalex.org/W2115068291","https://openalex.org/W2327954668","https://openalex.org/W3010360921","https://openalex.org/W2100673443","https://openalex.org/W2897666773","https://openalex.org/W2226154349"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,73,112],"quality":[1],"of":[2,29,43,80,91,122,133,139,152,175,181,207],"recognition":[3,48],"systems":[4],"for":[5,203],"continuous":[6,123],"utterances":[7],"in":[8,126,213],"signed":[9,30,82,214],"languages":[10],"could":[11],"be":[12],"largely":[13],"advanced":[14],"within":[15],"the":[16,41,53,77,89,160],"last":[17],"years.":[18],"However,":[19],"research":[20],"efforts":[21],"often":[22],"do":[23],"not":[24],"address":[25],"specific":[26,153],"linguistic":[27],"features":[28],"languages,":[31],"as":[32,183],"e.g.,":[33],"non-manual":[34,134,154,194,211],"expressions.":[35,135],"In":[36],"this":[37],"work,":[38],"we":[39,57,145],"evaluate":[40],"potential":[42],"a":[44,59,81,92,108,119,131,170,204],"single":[45],"video":[46],"camera-based":[47],"system":[49,74,114],"with":[50,107,130,156],"respect":[51],"to":[52,148,185],"latter.":[54],"For":[55],"this,":[56],"introduce":[58],"two-stage":[60],"pipeline":[61],"based":[62],"on":[63,88,118],"two-dimensional":[64],"body":[65,162],"joint":[66,163],"positions":[67],"extracted":[68],"from":[69,159,190],"RGB":[70],"camera":[71],"data.":[72,165],"first":[75],"separates":[76],"data":[78,120,140],"flow":[79],"expression":[83],"into":[84,102],"meaningful":[85],"word":[86,150],"segments":[87,151],"base":[90],"frame-wise":[93],"binary":[94],"Random":[95],"Forest.":[96],"Next,":[97],"every":[98],"segment":[99],"is":[100,115],"transformed":[101],"image-like":[103],"shape":[104],"and":[105,142,210],"classified":[106],"Convolutional":[109],"Neural":[110],"Network.":[111],"proposed":[113],"then":[116],"evaluated":[117],"set":[121],"sentence":[124,167],"expressions":[125],"Japanese":[127],"Sign":[128],"Language":[129],"variation":[132],"Exploring":[136],"multiple":[137],"variations":[138],"representations":[141],"network":[143],"parameters,":[144],"are":[146],"able":[147],"distinguish":[149],"intonations":[155],"86%":[157],"accuracy":[158],"underlying":[161],"movement":[164],"Full":[166],"predictions":[168,188],"achieve":[169],"total":[171],"Word":[172],"Error":[173],"Rate":[174],"15.75%.":[176],"This":[177],"marks":[178],"an":[179,200],"improvement":[180],"13.22%":[182],"compared":[184],"ground":[186],"truth":[187],"obtained":[189],"labeling":[191],"insensitive":[192],"towards":[193],"content.":[195],"Consequently,":[196],"our":[197],"analysis":[198],"constitutes":[199],"important":[201],"contribution":[202],"better":[205],"understanding":[206],"mixed":[208],"manual":[209],"content":[212],"communication.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}