{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3088990057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20195508","title":"Light-Weight Student LSTM for Real-Time Wildfire Smoke Detection","display_name":"Light-Weight Student LSTM for Real-Time Wildfire Smoke Detection","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3088990057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20195508","mag":"3088990057","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32993003"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20195508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20195508","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/19/5508/pdf?version=1602549355","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/19/5508/pdf?version=1602549355","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103122493","display_name":"Mira Jeong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3401-6708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52010207","display_name":"Keimyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00tjv0s33","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mira Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037657960","display_name":"MinJi Park","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52010207","display_name":"Keimyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00tjv0s33","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MinJi Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108553716","display_name":"Jae-Yeal Nam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52010207","display_name":"Keimyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00tjv0s33","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaeyeal Nam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035256239","display_name":"Byoung Chul Ko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7284-0768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52010207","display_name":"Keimyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00tjv0s33","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Byoung Chul Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7284-0768","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035256239"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.783,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94989893,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"19","first_page":"5508","last_page":"5508"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoke","display_name":"Smoke","score":0.7832093238830566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4314340054988861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.42343801259994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3752272427082062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeronautics","display_name":"Aeronautics","score":0.36611244082450867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3460974097251892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2713896930217743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11951291561126709}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58874564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130768","display_name":"Smoke","level":2,"score":0.7832093238830566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4314340054988861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42343801259994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3752272427082062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.36611244082450867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3460974097251892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2713896930217743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11951291561126709}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20195508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20195508","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/19/5508/pdf?version=1602549355","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32993003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32993003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0cd01a6805544d6abdb9d68681a4c2c6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0cd01a6805544d6abdb9d68681a4c2c6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 19, p 5508 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/19/5508/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 19; Pages: 5508","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7582303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7582303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20195508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20195508","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/19/5508/pdf?version=1602549355","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8842178507","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019R1I1A3A01042506","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322093","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3088990057.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3088990057.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1485981043","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W2013300501","https://openalex.org/W2039983430","https://openalex.org/W2056230170","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2073371483","https://openalex.org/W2076163444","https://openalex.org/W2104231831","https://openalex.org/W2112476334","https://openalex.org/W2128473925","https://openalex.org/W2131774270","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2161203093","https://openalex.org/W2161942583","https://openalex.org/W2162506020","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2315502046","https://openalex.org/W2337627957","https://openalex.org/W2508764147","https://openalex.org/W2571300184","https://openalex.org/W2572703977","https://openalex.org/W2604158577","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2751420734","https://openalex.org/W2752154669","https://openalex.org/W2791569356","https://openalex.org/W2792318059","https://openalex.org/W2796347433","https://openalex.org/W2910357561","https://openalex.org/W2913895065","https://openalex.org/W2919981789","https://openalex.org/W2936525159","https://openalex.org/W2940390282","https://openalex.org/W2950635152","https://openalex.org/W2952587893","https://openalex.org/W2963155258","https://openalex.org/W2963294168","https://openalex.org/W2963308316","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2979526390","https://openalex.org/W2989604896","https://openalex.org/W2990240289","https://openalex.org/W3011106200","https://openalex.org/W3015758410","https://openalex.org/W3018930528","https://openalex.org/W3044674110","https://openalex.org/W3152029323","https://openalex.org/W6641958950","https://openalex.org/W6675798704"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2328698228","https://openalex.org/W4288693901","https://openalex.org/W830499452","https://openalex.org/W2353278981","https://openalex.org/W2495534660","https://openalex.org/W2382876515","https://openalex.org/W3048832137","https://openalex.org/W2380557683"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0,159],"the":[1,40,83,92,107,125,142,149,154,160,174,184],"need":[2],"for":[3,28,111,123],"wildfire":[4,9,22,86,98,202],"detection":[5,11,24,88,191],"increases,":[6],"research":[7],"on":[8,51,91,200],"smoke":[10,23,35,87,113],"combining":[12],"low-cost":[13],"cameras":[14],"and":[15,32,59,72,94,146,178],"deep":[16,129,156,194],"learning":[17],"technology":[18],"is":[19,25,79,103,138],"increasing.":[20],"Camera-based":[21],"inexpensive,":[26],"allowing":[27],"a":[29,34,45,66,69,73,120,134,179,189,201],"quick":[30],"detection,":[31,114],"allows":[33],"to":[36,81,105,128,140,169],"be":[37],"checked":[38],"by":[39,89],"naked":[41],"eye.":[42],"However,":[43,100],"because":[44,101],"surveillance":[46],"system":[47],"must":[48],"rely":[49],"only":[50],"visual":[52],"characteristics,":[53],"it":[54,102],"often":[55],"erroneously":[56],"detects":[57],"fog":[58],"clouds":[60],"as":[61,193],"smoke.":[62,99],"In":[63],"this":[64,116,132],"study,":[65],"combination":[67],"of":[68,85,97,144,176],"You-Only-Look-Once":[70],"detector":[71],"long":[74],"short-term":[75],"memory":[76],"(LSTM)":[77],"classifier":[78],"applied":[80],"improve":[82],"performance":[84,192],"reflecting":[90],"spatial":[93],"temporal":[95],"characteristics":[96],"necessary":[104],"lighten":[106],"heavy":[108],"LSTM":[109,137,150,157,186,195],"model":[110,151],"real-time":[112],"in":[115,173],"paper,":[117],"we":[118],"propose":[119],"new":[121],"method":[122,166],"applying":[124],"teacher-student":[126],"framework":[127],"LSTM.":[130],"Through":[131],"method,":[133],"shallow":[135],"student":[136],"designed":[139],"reduce":[141],"number":[143,175],"layers":[145],"cells":[147],"constituting":[148],"while":[152,187],"maintaining":[153,188],"original":[155],"performance.":[158],"experimental":[161],"results":[162],"indicate,":[163],"our":[164],"proposed":[165],"achieves":[167],"up":[168],"an":[170],"8.4-fold":[171],"decrease":[172],"parameters":[177],"faster":[180],"processing":[181],"time":[182],"than":[183],"teacher":[185],"similar":[190],"using":[196],"several":[197],"state-of-the-art":[198],"methods":[199],"benchmark":[203],"dataset.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}