{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3089173875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185427","title":"Convolutional Neural Network Architecture for Recovering Watermark Synchronization","display_name":"Convolutional Neural Network Architecture for Recovering Watermark Synchronization","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3089173875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185427","mag":"3089173875","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32971823"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20185427","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185427","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185427","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056537580","display_name":"Wook\u2010Hyung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8157-6110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wook-Hyung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Visual Display Division, Samsung Electronics, Suwon 16677, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8157-6110","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visual Display Division, Samsung Electronics, Suwon 16677, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040003499","display_name":"Jihyeon Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6269-244X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jihyeon Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Security, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6269-244X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Security, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054042958","display_name":"Seung-Min Mun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seung-Min Mun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050660604","display_name":"Jong\u2010Uk Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7101-0244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146824383","display_name":"Hallym University","ror":"https://ror.org/03sbhge02","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146824383"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jong-Uk Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146824383"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050660604"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146824383"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.5885,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69634696,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"18","first_page":"5427","last_page":"5427"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13579","display_name":"Image and Video Stabilization","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/template-matching","display_name":"Template matching","score":0.8144422769546509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7060495615005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7033584713935852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.6867031455039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5950649380683899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5918291807174683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.5816743969917297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4532060921192169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4326515793800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-architecture","display_name":"Network architecture","score":0.4260016083717346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4174697697162628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.41546595096588135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.41238918900489807}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158096908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3983303","display_name":"Template matching","level":3,"score":0.8144422769546509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7060495615005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7033584713935852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.6867031455039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5950649380683899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5918291807174683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.5816743969917297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4532060921192169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4326515793800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.4260016083717346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4174697697162628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41546595096588135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.41238918900489807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20185427","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185427","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32971823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32971823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:295d9289aee344f78026fcd17913962a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/295d9289aee344f78026fcd17913962a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 18, p 5427 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/18/5427/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185427","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 18; Pages: 5427","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7570697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7570697","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20185427","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185427","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8129814739","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HRF-202005-11","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321367","funder_display_name":"Hallym University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G821026264","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020R1C1C1013433","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321367","display_name":"Hallym University","ror":"https://ror.org/03sbhge02"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22271197","https://openalex.org/W63091017","https://openalex.org/W171520512","https://openalex.org/W1485280399","https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W1968405684","https://openalex.org/W1975812834","https://openalex.org/W2008419427","https://openalex.org/W2016416397","https://openalex.org/W2055013240","https://openalex.org/W2063539906","https://openalex.org/W2069912449","https://openalex.org/W2107465879","https://openalex.org/W2112522889","https://openalex.org/W2113183384","https://openalex.org/W2115528090","https://openalex.org/W2116467012","https://openalex.org/W2117576053","https://openalex.org/W2119781527","https://openalex.org/W2120736986","https://openalex.org/W2120879609","https://openalex.org/W2121551848","https://openalex.org/W2122964006","https://openalex.org/W2129353155","https://openalex.org/W2133245437","https://openalex.org/W2133255058","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2133803071","https://openalex.org/W2133907445","https://openalex.org/W2137909165","https://openalex.org/W2148276800","https://openalex.org/W2150898102","https://openalex.org/W2154138896","https://openalex.org/W2157410860","https://openalex.org/W2166212353","https://openalex.org/W2412002662","https://openalex.org/W2439114332","https://openalex.org/W2539358016","https://openalex.org/W2604233003","https://openalex.org/W2614772934","https://openalex.org/W2685305207","https://openalex.org/W2740969924","https://openalex.org/W2768378004","https://openalex.org/W2888627508","https://openalex.org/W2905028748","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W2952695679","https://openalex.org/W2953142863","https://openalex.org/W2953384591","https://openalex.org/W3098508664","https://openalex.org/W4249522571","https://openalex.org/W6606938301","https://openalex.org/W6681996518","https://openalex.org/W6713134421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137394636","https://openalex.org/W2358993821","https://openalex.org/W1516446231","https://openalex.org/W2098152888","https://openalex.org/W1559740347","https://openalex.org/W2040356834","https://openalex.org/W2080353903","https://openalex.org/W2385289568","https://openalex.org/W2381486749","https://openalex.org/W1514507288"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"propose":[4],"a":[5,31,35,40,49,133],"convolutional":[6],"neural":[7],"network-based":[8],"template":[9,28,32,36,41,45,50,58,77,85,104,112],"architecture":[10],"that":[11,20,141],"compensates":[12],"for":[13],"the":[14,52,57,67,76,81,84,89,92,97,103,108,111,128],"disadvantages":[15],"of":[16,30,54,66,91,99],"existing":[17,138],"watermarking":[18,139],"techniques":[19,140],"are":[21,142],"vulnerable":[22,143],"to":[23,118,144],"geometric":[24,93,145],"distortion.":[25],"The":[26,44,69],"proposed":[27],"consists":[29],"generation":[33,46],"network,":[34,38],"extraction":[37,70],"and":[39,56,131],"matching":[42,86],"network.":[43],"network":[47,71,87],"generates":[48],"in":[51,80,122],"form":[53,126],"noise":[55],"is":[59,78,116],"inserted":[60,79,106],"into":[61],"certain":[62],"pre-defined":[63],"spatial":[64,73,100],"locations":[65,74,101,109],"image.":[68,82],"detects":[72],"where":[75,102,110],"Finally,":[83],"estimates":[88],"parameters":[90],"distortion":[94,146],"by":[95],"comparing":[96],"shape":[98],"was":[105,113],"with":[107],"detected.":[114],"It":[115],"possible":[117],"recover":[119],"an":[120],"image":[121],"its":[123],"original":[124],"geometrical":[125],"using":[127,137],"estimated":[129],"parameters,":[130],"as":[132],"result,":[134],"watermarks":[135],"applied":[136],"can":[147],"be":[148],"decoded":[149],"normally.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}