{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3083970707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185159","title":"A Multitiered Solution for Anomaly Detection in Edge Computing for Smart Meters","display_name":"A Multitiered Solution for Anomaly Detection in Edge Computing for Smart Meters","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3083970707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185159","mag":"3083970707","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32927672"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20185159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185159","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/18/5159/pdf?version=1599727327","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/18/5159/pdf?version=1599727327","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053321511","display_name":"Darmawan Utomo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4579-3468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148099254","display_name":"National Chung Cheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/0028v3876","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157219812","display_name":"Satya Wacana Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/009nnre75","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157219812"]}],"countries":["ID","TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Darmawan Utomo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, No. 168, Sec. 1, University Rd., Minhsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan","Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Satya Wacana Christian University, Jalan Diponegoro 52-60, Salatiga 50711, Indonesia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, No. 168, Sec. 1, University Rd., Minhsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Satya Wacana Christian University, Jalan Diponegoro 52-60, Salatiga 50711, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157219812"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050423310","display_name":"Pao\u2010Ann Hsiung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3639-1467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148099254","display_name":"National Chung Cheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/0028v3876","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pao-Ann Hsiung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, No. 168, Sec. 1, University Rd., Minhsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, No. 168, Sec. 1, University Rd., Minhsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053321511"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099254","https://openalex.org/I157219812"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.726,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70808214,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"18","first_page":"5159","last_page":"5159"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.7709529995918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6951044201850891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.626653790473938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-means-clustering","display_name":"k-means clustering","score":0.5917068719863892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5892409086227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.47025835514068604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4639890193939209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.44844937324523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.43521153926849365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.42618024349212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4160114526748657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4113992750644684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoregressive-integrated-moving-average","display_name":"Autoregressive integrated moving average","score":0.4113371670246124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.2962528467178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2866607904434204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.23100325465202332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.22852936387062073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.15095016360282898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13484609127044678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.7709529995918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6951044201850891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.626653790473938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207968372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310401","display_name":"k-means clustering","level":3,"score":0.5917068719863892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5892409086227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.47025835514068604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4639890193939209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.44844937324523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.43521153926849365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.42618024349212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4160114526748657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4113992750644684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24338571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2566298","display_name":"Autoregressive integrated moving average","level":3,"score":0.4113371670246124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2962528467178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2866607904434204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.23100325465202332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.22852936387062073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.15095016360282898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13484609127044678}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20185159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185159","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/18/5159/pdf?version=1599727327","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32927672","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32927672","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8568aa15ada442ef8d34c4dae538d3ff","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8568aa15ada442ef8d34c4dae538d3ff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 18, p 5159 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/18/5159/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185159","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 18; Pages: 5159","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7571075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7571075","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20185159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185159","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/18/5159/pdf?version=1599727327","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3083970707.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3083970707.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1448660139","https://openalex.org/W1605479404","https://openalex.org/W1963956309","https://openalex.org/W1964357740","https://openalex.org/W1987971958","https://openalex.org/W1992419399","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2087963583","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2104933073","https://openalex.org/W2122646361","https://openalex.org/W2144335970","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2180566385","https://openalex.org/W2246071452","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2337344967","https://openalex.org/W2338318698","https://openalex.org/W2392395307","https://openalex.org/W2490420619","https://openalex.org/W2512412553","https://openalex.org/W2586095770","https://openalex.org/W2730936454","https://openalex.org/W2754034320","https://openalex.org/W2771537552","https://openalex.org/W2786918196","https://openalex.org/W2789027126","https://openalex.org/W2790627614","https://openalex.org/W2907120511","https://openalex.org/W2914031960","https://openalex.org/W2915350869","https://openalex.org/W2947400732","https://openalex.org/W2969178187","https://openalex.org/W2979258553","https://openalex.org/W3099335192","https://openalex.org/W3102476541","https://openalex.org/W3102477513","https://openalex.org/W3122528762","https://openalex.org/W3170113470","https://openalex.org/W6636033586","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6703736806","https://openalex.org/W6767182549","https://openalex.org/W6789492919"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2942586735","https://openalex.org/W2534668683","https://openalex.org/W3211931762","https://openalex.org/W4225757241","https://openalex.org/W3126507566","https://openalex.org/W4385414328","https://openalex.org/W3192562541","https://openalex.org/W4385586765","https://openalex.org/W4287076991","https://openalex.org/W3184768109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,73],"systems":[1],"connected":[2],"to":[3,75,108,125,130,143,154],"smart":[4,6],"grids,":[5],"meters":[7],"with":[8,24,35],"fast":[9],"and":[10,46,69,85,90,94,97,134,173,178,209],"efficient":[11],"responses":[12],"are":[13],"very":[14],"helpful":[15],"in":[16,19,54,87,112,117,159,187],"detecting":[17],"anomalies":[18,111],"realtime.":[20],"However,":[21],"sending":[22],"data":[23],"a":[25,28,145],"frequency":[26],"of":[27,39,42],"minute":[29],"or":[30],"less":[31],"is":[32,81,99,107,124,141,194],"not":[33],"normal":[34],"today's":[36],"technology":[37],"because":[38],"the":[40,43,78,118,127,136,151,160,176,183,188,191,199],"bottleneck":[41],"communication":[44],"network":[45],"storage":[47],"media.":[48],"Because":[49],"mitigation":[50],"cannot":[51],"be":[52],"done":[53],"realtime,":[55],"we":[56],"propose":[57,150],"prediction":[58,79],"techniques":[59],"using":[60,92],"Deep":[61],"Neural":[62],"Network":[63],"(DNN),":[64],"Support":[65],"Vector":[66],"Regression":[67],"(SVR),":[68],"k-Nearest":[70],"Neighbors":[71],"(KNN).":[72],"addition":[74],"these":[76],"techniques,":[77],"timestep":[80],"chosen":[82],"per":[83],"day":[84],"wrapped":[86],"sliding":[88],"windows,":[89],"clustering":[91],"Kmeans":[93,96],"intersection":[95],"HDBSCAN":[98],"also":[100,149],"evaluated.":[101],"The":[102,122],"predictive":[103],"ability":[104],"applied":[105],"here":[106],"predict":[109],"whether":[110,139],"electricity":[113],"usage":[114,133],"will":[115],"occur":[116],"next":[119],"few":[120],"weeks.":[121],"aim":[123],"give":[126],"user":[128],"time":[129],"check":[131],"their":[132],"from":[135],"utility":[137],"side,":[138],"it":[140],"necessary":[142],"prepare":[144],"sufficient":[146],"supply.":[147],"We":[148],"latency":[152,157,201],"reduction":[153],"counter":[155],"higher":[156],"as":[158,175],"traditional":[161],"centralized":[162],"system":[163],"by":[164],"adding":[165],"layer":[166],"Edge":[167],"Meter":[168],"Data":[169],"Management":[170],"System":[171],"(MDMS)":[172],"Cloud-MDMS":[174],"inference":[177],"training":[179],"model.":[180],"Based":[181],"on":[182],"experiments":[184],"when":[185],"running":[186],"Raspberry":[189],"Pi,":[190],"best":[192],"solution":[193],"choosing":[195],"DNN":[196],"that":[197],"has":[198],"shortest":[200],"1.25":[202],"ms,":[203],"159":[204],"kB":[205],"persistent":[206],"file":[207],"size,":[208],"at":[210],"128":[211],"timesteps.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
