{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3083693629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185084","title":"Improved Diver Communication System by Combining Optical and Electromagnetic Trackers","display_name":"Improved Diver Communication System by Combining Optical and Electromagnetic Trackers","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3083693629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185084","mag":"3083693629","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32906739"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20185084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185084","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/18/5084/pdf?version=1599477769","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/18/5084/pdf?version=1599477769","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021223733","display_name":"Aman Kataria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5634-3465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162030827","display_name":"Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00wdq3744","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aman Kataria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101984344","display_name":"Smarajit Ghosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2943-5908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162030827","display_name":"Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00wdq3744","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Smarajit Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000636378","display_name":"Vinod Karar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3760-9480"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vinod Karar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chief Scientist, CSIR-CSIO, Chandigarh 160030, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chief Scientist, CSIR-CSIO, Chandigarh 160030, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011679384","display_name":"Takshi Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9221-3203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takshi Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Security Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9221-3203","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Security Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073849385","display_name":"Kathiravan Srinivasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9352-0237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kathiravan Srinivasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632 014, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9352-0237","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632 014, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091679175","display_name":"Yuh\u2010Chung Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0183-8182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75430998","display_name":"National Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/01npf0s58","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75430998"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuh-Chung Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Electromechanical Engineering, National ILan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Shennong Rd., ILan 26041, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0183-8182","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Electromechanical Engineering, National ILan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Shennong Rd., ILan 26041, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75430998"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091679175"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75430998"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.1737,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75744124,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"18","first_page":"5084","last_page":"5084"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.739973783493042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-communication","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","score":0.7248753905296326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.672231912612915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48718518018722534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.4593008756637573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.35191354155540466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3187895119190216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.09715509414672852}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.739973783493042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.7248753905296326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.672231912612915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48718518018722534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.4593008756637573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.35191354155540466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3187895119190216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.09715509414672852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20185084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185084","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/18/5084/pdf?version=1599477769","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32906739","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32906739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4faf0464f9894f3398e69ee0250c9082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4faf0464f9894f3398e69ee0250c9082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 18, p 5084 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/18/5084/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 18; Pages: 5084","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7570725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7570725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20185084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185084","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/18/5084/pdf?version=1599477769","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1498695226","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 109-2622-E-197-007-CC2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1639593371","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 109-2221-E-197-011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2205640134","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3862518167","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 109-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8985157498","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 109-2221","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3083693629.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3083693629.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W96717738","https://openalex.org/W1163274210","https://openalex.org/W1468137603","https://openalex.org/W1668611593","https://openalex.org/W1861197548","https://openalex.org/W1911590525","https://openalex.org/W1968069826","https://openalex.org/W1971762062","https://openalex.org/W1981333210","https://openalex.org/W1982892759","https://openalex.org/W1992299264","https://openalex.org/W2015699912","https://openalex.org/W2016247189","https://openalex.org/W2016907482","https://openalex.org/W2023588319","https://openalex.org/W2028201231","https://openalex.org/W2033136119","https://openalex.org/W2035137147","https://openalex.org/W2036561184","https://openalex.org/W2036893350","https://openalex.org/W2037890325","https://openalex.org/W2038720636","https://openalex.org/W2059351098","https://openalex.org/W2059870883","https://openalex.org/W2060514040","https://openalex.org/W2084922544","https://openalex.org/W2090428361","https://openalex.org/W2091581981","https://openalex.org/W2095991840","https://openalex.org/W2099651019","https://openalex.org/W2103245940","https://openalex.org/W2108636252","https://openalex.org/W2122273579","https://openalex.org/W2124726137","https://openalex.org/W2127595139","https://openalex.org/W2140921653","https://openalex.org/W2150621410","https://openalex.org/W2154122080","https://openalex.org/W2155790548","https://openalex.org/W2161462786","https://openalex.org/W2186839424","https://openalex.org/W2297365371","https://openalex.org/W2333945912","https://openalex.org/W2336491352","https://openalex.org/W2418020140","https://openalex.org/W2517199115","https://openalex.org/W2521710942","https://openalex.org/W2589311740","https://openalex.org/W2599770718","https://openalex.org/W2915838480","https://openalex.org/W6639136258","https://openalex.org/W6686833561","https://openalex.org/W6697467240","https://openalex.org/W6717300917"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3081304190","https://openalex.org/W2477841276","https://openalex.org/W1989468614","https://openalex.org/W46613192","https://openalex.org/W4225540233","https://openalex.org/W2556643280","https://openalex.org/W2185568765","https://openalex.org/W2353494610","https://openalex.org/W4285703999","https://openalex.org/W3214188517"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,239],"increasing":[1],"need":[2],"for":[3,21,26,34,127,167,204],"observation":[4],"in":[5,24,47,51,68,93,176,230],"seawater":[6],"or":[7,54,134,159,178,219],"ocean":[8],"monitoring":[9,58],"systems":[10],"has":[11,150],"ignited":[12],"a":[13,227],"considerable":[14],"amount":[15],"of":[16,39,59,75,172,184,222,236,241,252],"interest":[17],"and":[18,30,62,70,98,101,122,144,186,199,234],"the":[19,52,72,107,116,124,170,173,181,197,201,211,242,250],"necessity":[20],"enabling":[22],"advancements":[23],"technology":[25],"underwater":[27,31,77,83,108,135],"wireless":[28,35,88,147,162,187,189,223,244],"tracking":[29],"sensor":[32],"networks":[33,89,235],"communication.":[36,206],"This":[37,65],"type":[38],"communication":[40,95,110,148,163,190,224,245],"can":[41,66,90,164,191,225,246],"also":[42,91,192],"play":[43],"an":[44,142,154],"important":[45],"role":[46],"investigating":[48],"ecological":[49],"changes":[50],"sea":[53,177],"ocean-like":[55],"climate":[56],"change,":[57],"biogeochemical,":[60],"biological,":[61],"evolutionary":[63],"changes.":[64],"help":[67,92],"controlling":[69],"maintaining":[71,94],"production":[73],"facilities":[74,133],"outer":[76],"grid":[78],"blasting":[79],"by":[80],"deploying":[81],"unmanned":[82],"vehicles":[84],"(UUVs).":[85],"Underwater":[86],"tracking-based":[87,146,161,188],"between":[96,102],"ships":[97],"divers,":[99],"submarines,":[100],"multiple":[103],"divers.":[104],"At":[105],"present,":[106],"acoustic":[109],"system":[111,149],"is":[112,208],"unable":[113],"to":[114,120,169,195],"provide":[115],"data":[117,202,215],"rate":[118,203,216],"required":[119],"monitor":[121],"investigate":[123],"aquatic":[125,237],"environment":[126],"various":[128],"industrial":[129],"applications":[130,231],"like":[131,232],"oil":[132],"grit":[136],"blasting.":[137],"To":[138],"meet":[139],"this":[140],"challenge,":[141],"optical":[143,158,185],"magnetic":[145,160,218],"been":[151],"proposed":[152,243],"as":[153],"effective":[155,205],"alternative.":[156],"Either":[157],"be":[165,193,226,247],"opted":[166],"according":[168],"requirement":[171],"potential":[174],"application":[175],"ocean.":[179],"However,":[180],"hybrid":[182,220],"version":[183],"deployed":[194],"reduce":[196],"latency":[198],"improve":[200],"It":[207],"concluded":[209],"from":[210],"discussion":[212],"that":[213],"high":[214],"optical,":[217],"mode":[221],"feasible":[228],"solution":[229],"UUV-to-UUV":[233],"sensors.":[238],"range":[240],"extended":[248],"using":[249],"concept":[251],"multihop.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
