{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3082156907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174992","title":"Classification Accuracy Improvement for Small-Size Citrus Pests and Diseases Using Bridge Connections in Deep Neural Networks","display_name":"Classification Accuracy Improvement for Small-Size Citrus Pests and Diseases Using Bridge Connections in Deep Neural Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3082156907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174992","mag":"3082156907","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32899200"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20174992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174992","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4992/pdf?version=1599123551","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4992/pdf?version=1599123551","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021209399","display_name":"Shuli Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8732-1111"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80611190","display_name":"Jeonbuk National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05q92br09","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80611190"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuli Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Advanced Image and Information Technology, School of Electronics & Information Engineering, Chon Buk National University, Jeonju, Chon Buk 54896, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8732-1111","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Advanced Image and Information Technology, School of Electronics & Information Engineering, Chon Buk National University, Jeonju, Chon Buk 54896, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80611190"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002649586","display_name":"Malrey Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1256-6795"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80611190","display_name":"Jeonbuk National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05q92br09","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80611190"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Malrey Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Advanced Image and Information Technology, School of Electronics & Information Engineering, Chon Buk National University, Jeonju, Chon Buk 54896, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Advanced Image and Information Technology, School of Electronics & Information Engineering, Chon Buk National University, Jeonju, Chon Buk 54896, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80611190"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002649586"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80611190"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.5434,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89519512,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"17","first_page":"4992","last_page":"4992"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12894","display_name":"Date Palm Research Studies","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9768000245094299,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.6921303272247314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6472002863883972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.6099451184272766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reuse","display_name":"Reuse","score":0.6039057970046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5829527378082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5684237480163574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.45040708780288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4482097327709198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-engineering","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","score":0.44362419843673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4431791305541992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3246317505836487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18812957406044006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1849449872970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1309245228767395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.10438936948776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.08616989850997925}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.6921303272247314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6472002863883972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6099451184272766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.6039057970046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5829527378082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5684237480163574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.45040708780288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4482097327709198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.44362419843673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4431791305541992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3246317505836487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18812957406044006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1849449872970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1309245228767395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.10438936948776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.08616989850997925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002957","descriptor_name":"Citrus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002957","descriptor_name":"Citrus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002957","descriptor_name":"Citrus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002957","descriptor_name":"Citrus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007313","descriptor_name":"Insecta","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007313","descriptor_name":"Insecta","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007313","descriptor_name":"Insecta","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007313","descriptor_name":"Insecta","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010935","descriptor_name":"Plant Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010935","descriptor_name":"Plant Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010935","descriptor_name":"Plant Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010935","descriptor_name":"Plant Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20174992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174992","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4992/pdf?version=1599123551","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32899200","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32899200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:12f65e912b3e4d7b9a914e1fcc73e01d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/12f65e912b3e4d7b9a914e1fcc73e01d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 17, p 4992 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/17/4992/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 17; Pages: 4992","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7506942","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7506942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20174992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174992","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4992/pdf?version=1599123551","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8372640906","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2001000229","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3082156907.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3082156907.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104184427","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1799366690","https://openalex.org/W1955003279","https://openalex.org/W2004915807","https://openalex.org/W2061013853","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2107311958","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2149933564","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2274287116","https://openalex.org/W2408279554","https://openalex.org/W2473156356","https://openalex.org/W2511730936","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2611811901","https://openalex.org/W2621367454","https://openalex.org/W2733343268","https://openalex.org/W2750506686","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2794398677","https://openalex.org/W2795016359","https://openalex.org/W2883780447","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2887597701","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2919358988","https://openalex.org/W2941119526","https://openalex.org/W2949650786","https://openalex.org/W2949667497","https://openalex.org/W2950477723","https://openalex.org/W2951559372","https://openalex.org/W2962791118","https://openalex.org/W2963420686","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2966160658","https://openalex.org/W2991391304","https://openalex.org/W3015562698","https://openalex.org/W3025223191","https://openalex.org/W3038058348","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6756427901"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384475851","https://openalex.org/W2000444236","https://openalex.org/W1501776718","https://openalex.org/W2615136228","https://openalex.org/W2353602216","https://openalex.org/W657108774","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,28,38,48,76,145,149],"the":[2,15,18,29,56,64,67,71,90,95,111,118,135,151],"rich":[3],"vitamin":[4],"content":[5],"in":[6,70],"citrus":[7,9,22],"fruit,":[8],"is":[10,24,52,143],"an":[11],"important":[12],"crop":[13],"around":[14],"world.":[16],"However,":[17],"yield":[19],"of":[20,31,53,58,66,92,97,130,137],"these":[21,40,59],"crops":[23],"often":[25],"reduced":[26],"due":[27],"damage":[30],"various":[32],"pests":[33,157],"and":[34,122,156,158],"diseases.":[35,159],"In":[36],"order":[37],"mitigate":[39],"problems,":[41],"several":[42],"convolutional":[43],"neural":[44],"networks":[45,99],"were":[46],"applied":[47],"detect":[49],"them.":[50],"It":[51,142],"note":[54],"that":[55],"performance":[57],"selected":[60],"models":[61],"degraded":[62],"as":[63],"size":[65],"target":[68],"object":[69],"image":[72,140],"decreased.":[73],"To":[74],"adapt":[75],"scale":[77],"changes,":[78],"a":[79,154],"new":[80],"feature":[81],"reuse":[82],"method":[83],"named":[84],"bridge":[85,93,125,131],"connection":[86],"was":[87,100],"developed.":[88],"With":[89],"help":[91],"connections,":[94],"accuracy":[96,114],"baseline":[98],"improved":[101],"at":[102],"little":[103],"additional":[104],"computation":[105],"cost.":[106],"The":[107,128],"proposed":[108],"BridgeNet-19":[109],"achieved":[110],"highest":[112],"classification":[113],"(95.47%),":[115],"followed":[116],"by":[117],"pre-trained":[119],"VGG-19":[120,123],"(95.01%)":[121],"with":[124],"connections":[126,132],"(94.73%).":[127],"use":[129],"also":[133],"strengthens":[134],"flexibility":[136],"sensors":[138],"for":[139],"acquisition.":[141],"unnecessary":[144],"pay":[146],"more":[147],"attention":[148],"adjusting":[150],"distance":[152],"between":[153],"camera":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}