{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3082668314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174903","title":"Global Temperature Sensing for an Operating Power Transformer Based on Raman Scattering","display_name":"Global Temperature Sensing for an Operating Power Transformer Based on Raman Scattering","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3082668314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174903","mag":"3082668314","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32872632"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20174903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174903","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4903/pdf?version=1598781971","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4903/pdf?version=1598781971","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100331851","display_name":"Yunpeng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7942-2112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunpeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defence, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China","State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7942-2112","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defence, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101657911","display_name":"Xinye Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8128-1569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinye Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defence, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China","State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defence, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100319222","display_name":"Huan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0296-7907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defence, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China","State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defence, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015260626","display_name":"Xiaozhou Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3956-4068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaozhou Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defence, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China","State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defence, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015260626"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.6646,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8428622,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"17","first_page":"4903","last_page":"4903"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12510","display_name":"Magneto-Optical Properties and Applications","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11343","display_name":"Power Transformer Diagnostics and Insulation","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-coil","display_name":"Electromagnetic coil","score":0.6700164675712585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6444445252418518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5366231203079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.5244984030723572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution-transformer","display_name":"Distribution transformer","score":0.49953603744506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46136894822120667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.4331516623497009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reuse","display_name":"Reuse","score":0.4135409891605377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3743758201599121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2898539900779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13222408294677734}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30403606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2981904","display_name":"Electromagnetic coil","level":2,"score":0.6700164675712585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6444445252418518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5366231203079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5244984030723572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117323899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907989","display_name":"Distribution transformer","level":4,"score":0.49953603744506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46136894822120667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.4331516623497009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.4135409891605377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3743758201599121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2898539900779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13222408294677734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20174903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174903","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4903/pdf?version=1598781971","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32872632","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32872632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:89f58e065dbe409f93ad047017a7421d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/89f58e065dbe409f93ad047017a7421d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 17, p 4903 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/17/4903/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174903","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 17; Pages: 4903","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7506647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7506647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20174903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174903","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4903/pdf?version=1598781971","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326707","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335967","display_name":"Science and Technology Project of State Grid","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3082668314.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3082668314.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005892027","https://openalex.org/W2023044617","https://openalex.org/W2023760218","https://openalex.org/W2061229211","https://openalex.org/W2073456974","https://openalex.org/W2079487674","https://openalex.org/W2100940340","https://openalex.org/W2101290291","https://openalex.org/W2112073330","https://openalex.org/W2120358335","https://openalex.org/W2133805172","https://openalex.org/W2134505683","https://openalex.org/W2136391290","https://openalex.org/W2156319534","https://openalex.org/W2167989585","https://openalex.org/W2168901855","https://openalex.org/W2407746226","https://openalex.org/W2738446906","https://openalex.org/W2755753252","https://openalex.org/W2767762497","https://openalex.org/W2768538461","https://openalex.org/W2769508646","https://openalex.org/W2770094191","https://openalex.org/W2888639014","https://openalex.org/W2921706318","https://openalex.org/W2936919391","https://openalex.org/W2946415504","https://openalex.org/W2968237193","https://openalex.org/W2971217211","https://openalex.org/W2997287449","https://openalex.org/W3009204982","https://openalex.org/W3015977292","https://openalex.org/W3174708675","https://openalex.org/W6745871740","https://openalex.org/W6797383384"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384475851","https://openalex.org/W2000444236","https://openalex.org/W2353602216","https://openalex.org/W2387913980","https://openalex.org/W2367078749","https://openalex.org/W2381798600","https://openalex.org/W1910583078","https://openalex.org/W2351618306","https://openalex.org/W2999162218","https://openalex.org/W2378814803"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"monitoring":[1,176],"methods":[2],"cannot":[3],"obtain":[4],"the":[5,36,40,60,73,91,102,107,111,130,140,151,155,167,184,188],"overall":[6],"thermal":[7],"information":[8],"for":[9,55,101,109,166,183],"power":[10,30,56],"transformers.":[11],"To":[12],"solve":[13],"this":[14],"problem,":[15],"a":[16,76,180],"distributed":[17],"fiber":[18,68],"optic":[19],"sensor":[20,69],"(DFOS)":[21],"was":[22,48,53,98],"creatively":[23],"applied":[24,100],"inside":[25],"an":[26,163],"operating":[27],"35":[28],"kV":[29],"transformer":[31,41,156],"by":[32],"highly":[33],"integrating":[34],"with":[35,43,75],"electromagnetic":[37],"wires.":[38],"Then,":[39],"prototype":[42],"totally":[44],"global":[45],"sensing":[46,173],"capability":[47],"successfully":[49],"developed":[50],"and":[51,82,105,113,135,158,174],"it":[52,159],"qualified":[54],"grid":[57],"application":[58],"through":[59],"strict":[61],"ex-factory":[62],"tests.":[63],"The":[64,120,145],"as":[65,162],"designed":[66],"optical":[67],"works":[70],"stably":[71],"all":[72,110],"time":[74],"temperature":[77,94],"accuracy":[78,85],"of":[79,86,129,139],"\u00b10.2":[80],"\u00b0C":[81],"spatial":[83],"positioning":[84],"0.8":[87],"m.":[88],"Based":[89],"on":[90,154],"obtained":[92],"internal":[93,172],"distribution,":[95],"Gaussian":[96],"convolution":[97],"further":[99],"signal":[103],"processing":[104],"hereby,":[106],"hotspots":[108],"windings":[112,157],"iron":[114],"cores":[115],"could":[116],"be":[117],"accurately":[118],"traced.":[119],"hottest":[121],"points":[122],"were":[123],"located":[124],"at":[125],"89.1%":[126],"(55":[127],"\u00b0C)":[128,138],"high":[131],"voltage":[132,142],"winding":[133,143],"height":[134],"89.7%":[136],"(77.5":[137],"low":[141],"height.":[144],"actual":[146],"precise":[147],"hotspot":[148],"location":[149],"corrected":[150],"traditional":[152],"cognition":[153],"would":[160],"serve":[161],"essential":[164],"reference":[165],"manufactures.":[168],"This":[169],"new":[170],"nondestructive":[171],"condition":[175],"method":[177],"also":[178],"exhibits":[179],"promising":[181],"future":[182],"DFOS":[185],"applying":[186],"in":[187],"high-voltage":[189],"electrical":[190],"apparatus":[191],"industry.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}