{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3080355920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174849","title":"CNN Training with Twenty Samples for Crack Detection via Data Augmentation","display_name":"CNN Training with Twenty Samples for Crack Detection via Data Augmentation","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3080355920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174849","mag":"3080355920","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32867223"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20174849","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174849","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4849/pdf?version=1598525718","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4849/pdf?version=1598525718","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100687840","display_name":"Zirui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8199-1931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zirui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063439671","display_name":"Jingjing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2751-2930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingjing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101687180","display_name":"Haonan Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9865-4958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haonan Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034526233","display_name":"Xueling Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xueling Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034526233"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.2117,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91299889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"17","first_page":"4849","last_page":"4849"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9815000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.5893979072570801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.485768586397171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4005105197429657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3430332541465759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09495583176612854}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5893979072570801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.485768586397171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4005105197429657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3430332541465759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09495583176612854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20174849","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174849","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4849/pdf?version=1598525718","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32867223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32867223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9d1b462ba68541bb88bb98e55af34a08","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9d1b462ba68541bb88bb98e55af34a08","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 17, p 4849 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/17/4849/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174849","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 17; Pages: 4849","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7506713","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7506713","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20174849","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174849","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4849/pdf?version=1598525718","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3806936262","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1171101165","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3080355920.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3080355920.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1040574815","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1971211347","https://openalex.org/W2005029343","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2049649087","https://openalex.org/W2055122019","https://openalex.org/W2055755574","https://openalex.org/W2058988978","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2271840356","https://openalex.org/W2563812708","https://openalex.org/W2598457882","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2730181302","https://openalex.org/W2746808752","https://openalex.org/W2751134959","https://openalex.org/W2770173563","https://openalex.org/W2793387000","https://openalex.org/W2897772777","https://openalex.org/W2919070127","https://openalex.org/W2922462708","https://openalex.org/W2949736877","https://openalex.org/W2951548327","https://openalex.org/W2951638509","https://openalex.org/W2953106684","https://openalex.org/W2963459241","https://openalex.org/W2963543962","https://openalex.org/W2986188726","https://openalex.org/W2996624809","https://openalex.org/W2997408160","https://openalex.org/W3016107947","https://openalex.org/W3045183919","https://openalex.org/W6761152716"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W230091440","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2233261550","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,125,166],"excellent":[1],"generalization":[2],"ability":[3],"of":[4,18,96,102,122,137,163,206],"deep":[5],"learning":[6],"methods,":[7],"e.g.,":[8],"convolutional":[9],"neural":[10],"networks":[11],"(CNNs),":[12],"depends":[13],"on":[14,53,174],"a":[15,49,59,81,144,160,204],"large":[16],"amount":[17],"training":[19],"data,":[20],"which":[21,202],"is":[22,31,105,111,142,156,203],"difficult":[23],"to":[24,38,47,118,131],"obtain":[25],"in":[26,75,114,134,194],"industrial":[27],"practices.":[28],"Data":[29],"augmentation":[30,62,68,110],"regarded":[32],"commonly":[33],"as":[34],"an":[35,93],"effective":[36],"strategy":[37],"address":[39],"this":[40,43],"problem.":[41],"In":[42,64],"paper,":[44],"we":[45],"attempt":[46],"construct":[48],"crack":[50,73,171,209],"detector":[51,104],"based":[52],"CNN":[54],"with":[55,150],"twenty":[56],"images":[57,190],"via":[58,181],"two-stage":[60,184],"data":[61,67,109,164,185],"method.":[63],"detail,":[65],"nine":[66],"methods":[69,88],"are":[70,178],"compared":[71],"for":[72,89,158,191,208],"detection":[74],"the":[76,83,97,100,103,115,120,135,153,170,175,182,196],"model":[77],"training,":[78,192],"respectively.":[79],"As":[80],"result,":[82],"rotation":[84,98],"method":[85],"outperforms":[86],"these":[87],"augmentation,":[90],"and":[91,200],"by":[92],"in-depth":[94],"exploration":[95],"method,":[99],"performance":[101],"further":[106],"improved.":[107],"Furthermore,":[108],"also":[112],"applied":[113],"inference":[116],"process":[117],"improve":[119],"recall":[121,193],"trained":[123,173],"models.":[124],"identical":[126],"object":[127],"has":[128],"more":[129,148],"chances":[130],"be":[132],"detected":[133],"series":[136],"augmented":[138],"images.":[139],"This":[140],"trick":[141],"essentially":[143],"performance-resource":[145],"trade-off.":[146],"For":[147],"improvement":[149],"limited":[151],"resources,":[152],"greedy":[154],"algorithm":[155],"adopted":[157],"searching":[159],"better":[161],"combination":[162],"augmentation.":[165,186],"results":[167],"show":[168],"that":[169],"detectors":[172],"small":[176],"dataset":[177],"significantly":[179],"improved":[180],"proposed":[183],"Specifically,":[187],"using":[188],"20":[189],"detecting":[195],"cracks":[197],"achieves":[198,211],"96%":[199],"Fext(0.8),":[201],"variant":[205],"F-score":[207],"detection,":[210],"91.18%.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}