{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3080430202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174817","title":"Cooperative Multi-Sensor Tracking of Vulnerable Road Users in the Presence of Missing Detections","display_name":"Cooperative Multi-Sensor Tracking of Vulnerable Road Users in the Presence of Missing Detections","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3080430202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174817","mag":"3080430202","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32858942"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20174817","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174817","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4817/pdf?version=1598495807","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4817/pdf?version=1598495807","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057761165","display_name":"Martin Dimitrievski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4477-7746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin Dimitrievski","raw_affiliation_strings":["TELIN-IPI, Ghent University\u2014Imec, St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B-9000 Gent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TELIN-IPI, Ghent University\u2014Imec, St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B-9000 Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063442720","display_name":"David Van Hamme","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2112-3475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Van Hamme","raw_affiliation_strings":["TELIN-IPI, Ghent University\u2014Imec, St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B-9000 Gent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TELIN-IPI, Ghent University\u2014Imec, St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B-9000 Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068050252","display_name":"Peter Veelaert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4746-9087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Veelaert","raw_affiliation_strings":["TELIN-IPI, Ghent University\u2014Imec, St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B-9000 Gent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4746-9087","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TELIN-IPI, Ghent University\u2014Imec, St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B-9000 Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071483672","display_name":"Wilfried Philips","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4456-4353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wilfried Philips","raw_affiliation_strings":["TELIN-IPI, Ghent University\u2014Imec, St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B-9000 Gent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TELIN-IPI, Ghent University\u2014Imec, St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B-9000 Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057761165"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.2681,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66511437,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"17","first_page":"4817","last_page":"4817"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6678455471992493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.6056532859802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5585179328918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imputation","display_name":"Imputation (statistics)","score":0.5114766359329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.510176420211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.505429744720459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.4863058030605316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-filter","display_name":"Particle filter","score":0.47420862317085266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4353838264942169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.43497854471206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/novelty","display_name":"Novelty","score":0.42695707082748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.38302743434906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missing-data","display_name":"Missing data","score":0.3594370484352112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.2937929630279541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.18627378344535828}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6678455471992493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.6056532859802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5585179328918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58041806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1660484","display_name":"Imputation (statistics)","level":3,"score":0.5114766359329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.510176420211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.505429744720459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.4863058030605316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52421305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151499","display_name":"Particle filter","level":3,"score":0.47420862317085266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4353838264942169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.43497854471206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778738651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687","display_name":"Novelty","level":2,"score":0.42695707082748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38302743434906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.3594370484352112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.2937929630279541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.18627378344535828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20174817","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174817","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4817/pdf?version=1598495807","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32858942","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32858942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:8672556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-8672556","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 1424-8220","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ac1305bf6e5e4f40888166621208cb2f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ac1305bf6e5e4f40888166621208cb2f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 17, p 4817 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/17/4817/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174817","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 17; Pages: 4817","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7506590","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7506590","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20174817","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174817","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4817/pdf?version=1598495807","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3080430202.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3080430202.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W120979808","https://openalex.org/W580892524","https://openalex.org/W1483307070","https://openalex.org/W1515591979","https://openalex.org/W1560270123","https://openalex.org/W1591285480","https://openalex.org/W1971408084","https://openalex.org/W2048605796","https://openalex.org/W2053782190","https://openalex.org/W2057487175","https://openalex.org/W2090966182","https://openalex.org/W2095780937","https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2117950766","https://openalex.org/W2118502261","https://openalex.org/W2124156864","https://openalex.org/W2125921035","https://openalex.org/W2134508614","https://openalex.org/W2143210660","https://openalex.org/W2189796486","https://openalex.org/W2222512263","https://openalex.org/W2237765446","https://openalex.org/W2256127205","https://openalex.org/W2291627510","https://openalex.org/W2343533670","https://openalex.org/W2524932676","https://openalex.org/W2628853521","https://openalex.org/W2774839435","https://openalex.org/W2774996270","https://openalex.org/W2796347433","https://openalex.org/W2811025443","https://openalex.org/W2896249524","https://openalex.org/W2897806143","https://openalex.org/W2909842698","https://openalex.org/W2910442875","https://openalex.org/W2925148167","https://openalex.org/W2950952351","https://openalex.org/W2951517617","https://openalex.org/W2952122856","https://openalex.org/W2955831215","https://openalex.org/W2980242897","https://openalex.org/W2995042771","https://openalex.org/W2996945478","https://openalex.org/W2999423154","https://openalex.org/W2999569333","https://openalex.org/W3007395053","https://openalex.org/W3008115128","https://openalex.org/W3010503765","https://openalex.org/W3013341704","https://openalex.org/W3016421299","https://openalex.org/W3034782805","https://openalex.org/W3035574168","https://openalex.org/W3099746624","https://openalex.org/W3100811978","https://openalex.org/W3104641012","https://openalex.org/W3144583212","https://openalex.org/W3144661576","https://openalex.org/W6696672603","https://openalex.org/W6750227808"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2181530120","https://openalex.org/W4211215373","https://openalex.org/W2024529227","https://openalex.org/W2055961818","https://openalex.org/W2903115227","https://openalex.org/W1574575415","https://openalex.org/W3144172081","https://openalex.org/W3179858851","https://openalex.org/W2081476516","https://openalex.org/W2581984549"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,88],"presents":[2],"a":[3,22,60,107,145,159],"vulnerable":[4],"road":[5],"user":[6],"(VRU)":[7],"tracking":[8,166,190],"algorithm":[9,25],"capable":[10],"of":[11,30,48,56,86,119,125,141],"handling":[12],"noisy":[13],"and":[14,28,32,38,46,137,165],"missing":[15],"detections":[16,34,58,100],"from":[17,144],"heterogeneous":[18],"sensors.":[19],"We":[20],"propose":[21],"cooperative":[23,177],"fusion":[24,178,181],"for":[26,95],"matching":[27],"reinforcing":[29],"radar":[31],"camera":[33],"using":[35],"their":[36],"proximity":[37],"positional":[39],"uncertainty.":[40],"The":[41,83,103,123],"belief":[42],"in":[43,162,189,195],"the":[44,68,72,97,115,120,126,139,176],"existence":[45],"position":[47],"objects":[49],"is":[50,89,112,148,154],"then":[51],"maximized":[52],"by":[53,59,182],"temporal":[54],"integration":[55],"fused":[57],"multi-object":[61],"tracker.":[62],"By":[63],"switching":[64],"between":[65],"observation":[66],"models,":[67],"tracker":[69],"adapts":[70],"to":[71,79],"detection":[73,153,164],"noise":[74],"characteristics":[75],"making":[76],"it":[77],"robust":[78],"individual":[80],"sensor":[81,116,121],"failures.":[82],"main":[84],"novelty":[85],"this":[87],"an":[90,151],"improved":[91],"imputation":[92],"sampling":[93],"function":[94,105],"updating":[96],"state":[98,146],"when":[99],"are":[101,129,192],"missing.":[102],"proposed":[104,127],"uses":[106],"likelihood":[108],"without":[109,150],"association":[110],"that":[111],"conditioned":[113],"on":[114],"information":[117],"instead":[118],"model.":[122],"benefits":[124],"solution":[128],"two-fold:":[130],"firstly,":[131],"particle":[132],"updates":[133],"become":[134],"computationally":[135],"tractable":[136],"secondly,":[138],"problem":[140],"imputing":[142],"samples":[143],"which":[147],"predicted":[149],"associated":[152],"bypassed.":[155],"Experimental":[156],"evaluation":[157],"shows":[158],"significant":[160,194],"improvement":[161],"both":[163],"performance":[167,191],"over":[168],"multiple":[169],"control":[170],"algorithms.":[171],"In":[172],"low":[173],"light":[174],"situations,":[175],"outperforms":[179],"intermediate":[180],"as":[183,185],"much":[184],"30%,":[186],"while":[187],"increases":[188],"most":[193],"complex":[196],"traffic":[197],"scenes.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
