{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3063174810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174714","title":"QA-kNN: Indoor Localization Based on Quartile Analysis and the kNN Classifier for Wireless Networks","display_name":"QA-kNN: Indoor Localization Based on Quartile Analysis and the kNN Classifier for Wireless Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3063174810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174714","mag":"3063174810","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32825558"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20174714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174714","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4714/pdf?version=1597989998","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4714/pdf?version=1597989998","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001128053","display_name":"David Alan de Oliveira Ferreira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5717-4018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62885914","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Amazonas","ror":"https://ror.org/02263ky35","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62885914"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Ferreira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computing Engineering (DTEC)\u2014Electrical Engineering Graduate Program (PPGEE), Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM 69067-005, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5717-4018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computing Engineering (DTEC)\u2014Electrical Engineering Graduate Program (PPGEE), Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM 69067-005, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62885914"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067391848","display_name":"Richard Demo Souza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7389-6245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4104125","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina","ror":"https://ror.org/041akq887","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4104125"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Souza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis, SC 88040-900, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7389-6245","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis, SC 88040-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4104125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089682603","display_name":"Celso B. Carvalho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-8893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62885914","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Amazonas","ror":"https://ror.org/02263ky35","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62885914"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Celso Carvalho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computing Engineering (DTEC)\u2014Electrical Engineering Graduate Program (PPGEE), Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM 69067-005, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computing Engineering (DTEC)\u2014Electrical Engineering Graduate Program (PPGEE), Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM 69067-005, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62885914"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089682603"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62885914"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":1.3712,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80242358,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"17","first_page":"4714","last_page":"4714"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quartile","display_name":"Quartile","score":0.7588725090026855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-strength","display_name":"Signal strength","score":0.7214780449867249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6408638954162598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6407267451286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5228360295295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/received-signal-strength-indication","display_name":"Received signal strength indication","score":0.49528661370277405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4908748269081116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4868285059928894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.48618239164352417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2806483507156372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19754526019096375}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68443243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2786686","display_name":"Quartile","level":3,"score":0.7588725090026855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176808163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105794","display_name":"Signal strength","level":3,"score":0.7214780449867249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6408638954162598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6407267451286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5228360295295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778913798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195672","display_name":"Received signal strength indication","level":3,"score":0.49528661370277405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4908748269081116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4868285059928894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.48618239164352417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2806483507156372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19754526019096375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20174714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174714","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4714/pdf?version=1597989998","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32825558","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32825558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7506799","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7506799","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8fb77648623c471b99db8ed8408d50ac","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8fb77648623c471b99db8ed8408d50ac","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 17, p 4714 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/17/4714/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 17; Pages: 4714","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20174714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174714","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4714/pdf?version=1597989998","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1742063925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#005/2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1885684045","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"005/2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322994","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2104294007","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#005/2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3571192768","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PAPAC program EDITAL N\u00b0 005/2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322994","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3784284503","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FAPEAM/PPP program, (EDITAL 004/2017)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4862832320","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"POSGRAD program EDITAL N\u00b0 003/2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322994","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5065324923","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"003/2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7111366639","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"003/2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322994","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7197731950","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"004/2017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322994","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322994","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas","ror":"https://ror.org/026d6ma13"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3063174810.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3063174810.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W235866721","https://openalex.org/W1142712111","https://openalex.org/W1611898144","https://openalex.org/W1630879738","https://openalex.org/W1986985417","https://openalex.org/W2046128567","https://openalex.org/W2069349266","https://openalex.org/W2080411560","https://openalex.org/W2084320071","https://openalex.org/W2090609903","https://openalex.org/W2095721082","https://openalex.org/W2117668287","https://openalex.org/W2118099695","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2134295053","https://openalex.org/W2143243918","https://openalex.org/W2151375904","https://openalex.org/W2151570219","https://openalex.org/W2154003794","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2181675000","https://openalex.org/W2185289768","https://openalex.org/W2312196964","https://openalex.org/W2550856709","https://openalex.org/W2604490975","https://openalex.org/W2615911067","https://openalex.org/W2766920444","https://openalex.org/W2953623434","https://openalex.org/W2958961720","https://openalex.org/W2963576433","https://openalex.org/W2966035132","https://openalex.org/W2996735343","https://openalex.org/W3101736212","https://openalex.org/W3110683067","https://openalex.org/W4240752441","https://openalex.org/W6786768871"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2889302474","https://openalex.org/W2551177135","https://openalex.org/W2612405521","https://openalex.org/W2151430090","https://openalex.org/W2803794770","https://openalex.org/W3121138807","https://openalex.org/W2388949434","https://openalex.org/W2357590506","https://openalex.org/W2366746442","https://openalex.org/W2098964748"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Considering":[0],"the":[1,4,13,32,52,64,78,82,85,98,104,112,115,131,149],"variation":[2],"of":[3,15,25,34,91,121,127,133],"received":[5],"signal":[6],"strength":[7],"indicator":[8],"(RSSI)":[9],"in":[10,28,66,103,106,156],"wireless":[11],"networks,":[12],"objective":[14],"this":[16],"study":[17],"is":[18,37,46,57,151],"to":[19,30,63,77,146],"investigate":[20],"and":[21,51,81,143],"propose":[22],"a":[23,67,119,124],"method":[24,80,99,150],"indoor":[26,157],"localization":[27,35,105,132],"order":[29],"improve":[31],"accuracy":[33],"that":[36,148],"compromised":[38],"by":[39],"RSSI":[40],"variation.":[41],"For":[42],"this,":[43],"quartile":[44],"analysis":[45],"used":[47,58],"for":[48,59,130,153],"data":[49],"pre-processing":[50],"k-nearest":[53],"neighbors":[54],"(kNN)":[55],"classifier":[56],"localization.":[60],"In":[61,84,114],"addition":[62],"tests":[65],"real":[68,86],"environment,":[69],"simulations":[70],"were":[71],"performed,":[72],"varying":[73],"many":[74],"parameters":[75],"related":[76],"proposed":[79],"environment.":[83],"environment":[87,117],"with":[88,111,118],"reference":[89],"points":[90,108],"1.284":[92],"density":[93,120],"per":[94],"unit":[95],"area":[96],"(RPs/m2),":[97],"presents":[100],"zero-mean":[101],"error":[102,126],"test":[107],"(TPs)":[109],"coinciding":[110],"RPs.":[113],"simulated":[116],"0.327":[122],"RPs/m2,":[123],"mean":[125],"0.490":[128],"m":[129],"random":[134],"TPs":[135],"was":[136],"achieved.":[137],"These":[138],"results":[139],"are":[140],"important":[141],"contributions":[142],"allow":[144],"us":[145],"conclude":[147],"promising":[152],"locating":[154],"objects":[155],"environments.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
