{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3048648033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164551","title":"CNN and LSTM-Based Emotion Charting Using Physiological Signals","display_name":"CNN and LSTM-Based Emotion Charting Using Physiological Signals","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3048648033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164551","mag":"3048648033","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32823807"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20164551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164551","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/16/4551/pdf?version=1597368967","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/16/4551/pdf?version=1597368967","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055534175","display_name":"Muhammad Najam Dar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6864-5636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143942","display_name":"National University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e21fw44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Najam Dar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering,  National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering,  National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942","https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017346745","display_name":"Muhammad Usman Akram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6208-7231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143942","display_name":"National University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e21fw44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Usman Akram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering,  National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6208-7231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering,  National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942","https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019514645","display_name":"Sajid Gul Khawaja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2409-3470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143942","display_name":"National University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e21fw44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sajid Gul Khawaja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering,  National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering,  National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942","https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017615747","display_name":"Amit N. Pujari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1688-4448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/0267vjk41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amit N. Pujari","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, England, UK","School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1688-4448","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, England, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055534175"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942","https://openalex.org/I929597975"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":7.4225,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":121,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98034312,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"16","first_page":"4551","last_page":"4551"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/valence","display_name":"Valence (chemistry)","score":0.7340538501739502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6779172420501709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6616985201835632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.6222150325775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arousal","display_name":"Arousal","score":0.6214323043823242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.609420895576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-recognition","display_name":"Emotion recognition","score":0.5704848766326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5167728662490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.5138823986053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.49124544858932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affective-computing","display_name":"Affective computing","score":0.44634106755256653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-classification","display_name":"Emotion classification","score":0.42845314741134644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.42346060276031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4065980315208435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.16231831908226013}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168900304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171407","display_name":"Valence (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.7340538501739502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6779172420501709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6616985201835632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.6222150325775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36951298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379784","display_name":"Arousal","level":2,"score":0.6214323043823242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.609420895576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion recognition","level":2,"score":0.5704848766326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5167728662490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.5138823986053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.49124544858932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6438553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Affective computing","level":2,"score":0.44634106755256653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206310091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750859","display_name":"Emotion classification","level":2,"score":0.42845314741134644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.42346060276031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4065980315208435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.16231831908226013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001143","descriptor_name":"Arousal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001143","descriptor_name":"Arousal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001143","descriptor_name":"Arousal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001143","descriptor_name":"Arousal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005712","descriptor_name":"Galvanic Skin Response","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005712","descriptor_name":"Galvanic Skin Response","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005712","descriptor_name":"Galvanic Skin Response","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005712","descriptor_name":"Galvanic Skin Response","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20164551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164551","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/16/4551/pdf?version=1597368967","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32823807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32823807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:uhra.herts.ac.uk:2299/23083","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2299/23083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400241","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","host_organization_name":"University of Hertfordshire","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:992da5a593e94828aced58a6d8558c8d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/992da5a593e94828aced58a6d8558c8d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 16, p 4551 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/16/4551/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20164551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 16; Pages: 4551","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7472085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7472085","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uhra.herts.ac.uk:2299/23093","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2299/23093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400241","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","host_organization_name":"University of Hertfordshire","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20164551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164551","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/16/4551/pdf?version=1597368967","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324282","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3048648033.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3048648033.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W110731996","https://openalex.org/W1418433162","https://openalex.org/W1529943034","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1989657190","https://openalex.org/W2000503364","https://openalex.org/W2002055708","https://openalex.org/W2002437501","https://openalex.org/W2036309320","https://openalex.org/W2075708150","https://openalex.org/W2091053870","https://openalex.org/W2101972387","https://openalex.org/W2103032521","https://openalex.org/W2117645142","https://openalex.org/W2122098299","https://openalex.org/W2141220295","https://openalex.org/W2149354205","https://openalex.org/W2149628368","https://openalex.org/W2162137602","https://openalex.org/W2171801645","https://openalex.org/W2198212055","https://openalex.org/W2227023164","https://openalex.org/W2230936439","https://openalex.org/W2232827647","https://openalex.org/W2281407413","https://openalex.org/W2299839330","https://openalex.org/W2311607323","https://openalex.org/W2332466825","https://openalex.org/W2407512993","https://openalex.org/W2523577021","https://openalex.org/W2525771685","https://openalex.org/W2547146855","https://openalex.org/W2558193840","https://openalex.org/W2562037482","https://openalex.org/W2572280252","https://openalex.org/W2593726055","https://openalex.org/W2599124244","https://openalex.org/W2605367287","https://openalex.org/W2610961739","https://openalex.org/W2749183303","https://openalex.org/W2754051771","https://openalex.org/W2765856398","https://openalex.org/W2782273434","https://openalex.org/W2785419426","https://openalex.org/W2790404832","https://openalex.org/W2793420802","https://openalex.org/W2802176285","https://openalex.org/W2810418809","https://openalex.org/W2885934369","https://openalex.org/W2901027086","https://openalex.org/W2913292019","https://openalex.org/W2917094047","https://openalex.org/W2919854899","https://openalex.org/W2936771798","https://openalex.org/W2945616044","https://openalex.org/W2949408958","https://openalex.org/W2950669807","https://openalex.org/W2951548327","https://openalex.org/W2954204245","https://openalex.org/W2962905870","https://openalex.org/W2963927969","https://openalex.org/W2968088593","https://openalex.org/W2970007912","https://openalex.org/W2980927909","https://openalex.org/W2990718553","https://openalex.org/W2995822500","https://openalex.org/W2997026866","https://openalex.org/W3014215018","https://openalex.org/W6698064614","https://openalex.org/W6745586887"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3080495370","https://openalex.org/W4285597148","https://openalex.org/W1550318927","https://openalex.org/W4305042383","https://openalex.org/W4310841718","https://openalex.org/W2901531394","https://openalex.org/W2546649374","https://openalex.org/W4380370144","https://openalex.org/W2787157782","https://openalex.org/W2903515201"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Novel":[0],"trends":[1],"in":[2,41],"affective":[3],"computing":[4],"are":[5],"based":[6],"on":[7],"reliable":[8],"sources":[9],"of":[10,26,31,38,56,66,69,74,96,140,163,195],"physiological":[11,106],"signals":[12,28,107],"such":[13],"as":[14],"Electroencephalogram":[15],"(EEG),":[16],"Electrocardiogram":[17],"(ECG),":[18],"and":[19,71,79,84,90,98,132,152,169,185,203],"Galvanic":[20],"Skin":[21],"Response":[22],"(GSR).":[23],"The":[24,112,159],"use":[25],"these":[27,49],"provides":[29],"challenges":[30],"performance":[32,191,207],"improvement":[33],"within":[34],"a":[35,42,53,72,209],"broader":[36,210],"set":[37],"emotion":[39,205],"classes":[40],"less":[43,213],"constrained":[44,214],"real-world":[45,110],"environment.":[46],"To":[47],"overcome":[48],"challenges,":[50],"we":[51],"propose":[52],"computational":[54],"framework":[55],"2D":[57],"Convolutional":[58],"Neural":[59],"Network":[60],"(CNN)":[61],"architecture":[62,81],"for":[63,82,109,117,157,165,171,199,212],"the":[64,166,172,193,196],"arrangement":[65],"14":[67],"channels":[68],"EEG,":[70],"combination":[73],"Long":[75],"Short-Term":[76],"Memory":[77],"(LSTM)":[78],"1D-CNN":[80],"ECG":[83,145],"GSR.":[85],"Our":[86],"approach":[87],"is":[88,142,175],"subject-independent":[89],"incorporates":[91],"two":[92],"publicly":[93],"available":[94],"datasets":[95],"DREAMER":[97,173],"AMIGOS":[99,167],"with":[100,144,149,154,177,189],"low-cost,":[101],"wearable":[102],"sensors":[103],"to":[104,208],"extract":[105],"suitable":[108],"environments.":[111,215],"results":[113],"outperform":[114],"state-of-the-art":[115],"approaches":[116],"classification":[118,190],"into":[119],"four":[120],"classes,":[121],"namely":[122],"High":[123,126],"Valence-High":[124,130],"Arousal,":[125,128,131],"Valence-Low":[127,134],"Low":[129,133],"Arousal.":[135],"Emotion":[136],"elicitation":[137,206],"average":[138],"accuracy":[139,162],"98.73%":[141],"achieved":[143,176],"right-channel":[146],"modality,":[147,151],"76.65%":[148],"EEG":[150],"63.67%":[153],"GSR":[155],"modality":[156],"AMIGOS.":[158],"overall":[160],"highest":[161],"99.0%":[164],"dataset":[168,174],"90.8%":[170],"multi-modal":[178],"fusion.":[179],"A":[180],"strong":[181],"correlation":[182],"between":[183],"spectral-":[184],"hidden-layer":[186],"feature":[187,201],"analysis":[188],"suggests":[192],"efficacy":[194],"proposed":[197],"method":[198],"significant":[200],"extraction":[202],"higher":[204],"context":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}