{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3048210088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164417","title":"Energy Constrained Optimization for Spreading Factor Allocation in LoRaWAN","display_name":"Energy Constrained Optimization for Spreading Factor Allocation in LoRaWAN","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3048210088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164417","mag":"3048210088","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32784724"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20164417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164417","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/16/4417/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/16/4417/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029095117","display_name":"Shusuke Narieda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2398-9977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178574317","display_name":"Mie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01529vy56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178574317"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shusuke Narieda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Mie 514\u20138507, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2398-9977","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Mie 514\u20138507, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178574317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054932044","display_name":"Takeo Fujii","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7886-5560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takeo Fujii","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Wireless Communication Research Center, The University of Electro\u2013Communications, Tokyo 182\u20138585, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7886-5560","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Wireless Communication Research Center, The University of Electro\u2013Communications, Tokyo 182\u20138585, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076133663","display_name":"Kenta Umebayashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4669-7187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92614990","display_name":"Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qg0kr10","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenta Umebayashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183\u20138538, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183\u20138538, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029095117"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178574317"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":1.9533,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86297243,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"16","first_page":"4417","last_page":"4417"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.745924711227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6872674822807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6031438708305359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.5946754217147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5802015066146851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5601123571395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chirp","display_name":"Chirp","score":0.48821166157722473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.48335000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4622589647769928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","score":0.4556352198123932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.43417030572891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.22603633999824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17147457599639893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.16218402981758118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.15151092410087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13771909475326538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10311594605445862}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.745924711227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6872674822807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6031438708305359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.5946754217147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5802015066146851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5601123571395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132794960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27304","display_name":"Chirp","level":3,"score":0.48821166157722473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.48335000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4622589647769928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4556352198123932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.43417030572891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.22603633999824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17147457599639893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.16218402981758118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.15151092410087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13771909475326538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10311594605445862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20164417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164417","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/16/4417/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32784724","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32784724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5d0b771dbb224d569d3562ca4d3f5831","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5d0b771dbb224d569d3562ca4d3f5831","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 16, p 4417 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irdb.nii.ac.jp:01216:0006763850","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://kyutech.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2001614","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056385","display_name":"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Informatics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/16/4417/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20164417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 16; Pages: 4417","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7472179","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7472179","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20164417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164417","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/16/4417/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004617458","https://openalex.org/W2031103608","https://openalex.org/W2039568841","https://openalex.org/W2296319761","https://openalex.org/W2328724333","https://openalex.org/W2396809543","https://openalex.org/W2471815506","https://openalex.org/W2537187694","https://openalex.org/W2571649827","https://openalex.org/W2596324967","https://openalex.org/W2616905512","https://openalex.org/W2740100958","https://openalex.org/W2766513146","https://openalex.org/W2771027669","https://openalex.org/W2792195154","https://openalex.org/W2794224091","https://openalex.org/W2809209059","https://openalex.org/W2887143404","https://openalex.org/W2913709008","https://openalex.org/W2915691256","https://openalex.org/W2919449476","https://openalex.org/W2962691290","https://openalex.org/W2964281967","https://openalex.org/W2979547392","https://openalex.org/W2981455641","https://openalex.org/W2982338244","https://openalex.org/W2982438804","https://openalex.org/W2985445011","https://openalex.org/W2986764480","https://openalex.org/W3023540311","https://openalex.org/W3035824054","https://openalex.org/W4250589301"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2377235482","https://openalex.org/W2351454232","https://openalex.org/W2382227980","https://openalex.org/W2065883652","https://openalex.org/W2316211633","https://openalex.org/W2263410481","https://openalex.org/W2153072677","https://openalex.org/W2367409245","https://openalex.org/W2146806561","https://openalex.org/W1966274213"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,113,174],"paper":[1,114],"discusses":[2],"a":[3,78,95,116,141,178,187,209],"spreading":[4,26,44,52,121,133,217,231],"factor":[5,27,45,53,122,134,218,232],"allocation":[6,54,135],"for":[7,109,124,131,143,154,238],"Long":[8,15],"Range":[9,16],"Wide":[10],"Area":[11],"Network":[12],"(LoRaWAN).":[13],"Because":[14],"(LoRa)":[17],"is":[18,28,192,263,289],"based":[19,185],"on":[20,84,186],"chirp":[21],"spread":[22],"spectrum":[23],"that":[24,81,266,276,292],"each":[25,32],"approximately":[29],"orthogonal":[30],"to":[31,47,136,180,233,265],"other,":[33],"the":[34,43,85,89,102,105,110,128,132,138,144,150,155,159,162,168,172,182,196,200,204,212,216,220,225,230,236,239,245,250,253,260,268,272,277,283,286,294,298],"performance":[35,106,117,156,213,227,258],"of":[36,88,104,148,161,166,211,243,252,259,267,281,285,293],"LoRaWAN":[37,226],"can":[38,64,223],"be":[39],"enhanced":[40],"by":[41,170,215,228],"allocating":[42,229],"appropriately":[46],"end":[48],"devices":[49],"(EDs).":[50],"Several":[51],"techniques":[55,197,269,295],"have":[56,82],"been":[57],"reported.":[58],"Techniques":[59],"shown":[60,198,270,296],"in":[61,107,199,271,297],"existing":[62,201,273,299],"studies":[63,80,202,274],"improve":[65],"some":[66],"characteristics":[67],"(e.g.":[68],"throughput":[69],"or":[70],"packet":[71],"reception":[72],"probability":[73],"(PRP));":[74],"however,":[75],"there":[76],"are":[77],"few":[79],"focused":[83],"energy":[86,111,146,164,206,241,279],"consumption":[87,147,165,207,242,280],"EDs.":[90,151,246],"The":[91,256],"LoRa":[92],"communication":[93,98],"offers":[94],"low":[96],"power":[97],"and":[99],"this":[100],"enables":[101,153],"improvement":[103,118,157,214],"exchange":[108],"consumption.":[112],"presents":[115],"technique":[119,222,262,288],"via":[120],"allocations":[123],"LoRaWAN.":[125],"We":[126],"define":[127],"optimization":[129],"problem":[130,184],"maximize":[137],"PRP":[139,257],"under":[140,158,235],"constraint":[142,160,237],"average":[145,163,205,240,278],"all":[149,167,244,282],"It":[152],"EDs":[169,234,284],"solving":[171],"problem.":[173],"study":[175],"further":[176],"develops":[177],"method":[179],"solve":[181],"defined":[183],"distributed":[188],"genetic":[189],"algorithm,":[190],"which":[191],"metaheuristics":[193],"method.":[194],"Although":[195],"give":[203],"as":[208],"result":[210],"allocation,":[219],"presented":[221,254,261,287],"enhance":[224],"Numerical":[247],"examples":[248],"validate":[249],"effectiveness":[251],"technique.":[255],"superior":[264],"despite":[275],"less":[290],"than":[291],"studies.":[300]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
