{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3043919840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154158","title":"Reinforcement Learning-Enabled Cross-Layer Optimization for Low-Power and Lossy Networks under Heterogeneous Traffic Patterns","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning-Enabled Cross-Layer Optimization for Low-Power and Lossy Networks under Heterogeneous Traffic Patterns","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3043919840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154158","mag":"3043919840","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32722645"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20154158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154158","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033598310","display_name":"Arslan Musaddiq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3768-7320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55240360","display_name":"Yeungnam University","ror":"https://ror.org/05yc6p159","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55240360"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arslan Musaddiq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55240360"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009256881","display_name":"Zulqar Nain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8915-8987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55240360","display_name":"Yeungnam University","ror":"https://ror.org/05yc6p159","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55240360"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zulqar Nain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55240360"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004303376","display_name":"Yazdan Ahmad Qadri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5708-1532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55240360","display_name":"Yeungnam University","ror":"https://ror.org/05yc6p159","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55240360"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yazdan Ahmad Qadri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55240360"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061788935","display_name":"Rashid Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9756-1909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rashid Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9756-1909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100685527","display_name":"Sung Won Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-6980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55240360","display_name":"Yeungnam University","ror":"https://ror.org/05yc6p159","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55240360"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sung Won Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-6980","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55240360"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100685527"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55240360"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":4.697,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":211,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94864993,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"15","first_page":"4158","last_page":"4158"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7602499723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7502986192703247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6341796517372131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.5772966146469116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.5764849185943604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-coordination-function","display_name":"Distributed coordination function","score":0.5257537961006165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5032593607902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4721676707267761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.42329108715057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.3268647789955139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.18791556358337402}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7602499723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7502986192703247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6341796517372131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.5772966146469116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.5764849185943604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115338102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229557","display_name":"Distributed coordination function","level":5,"score":0.5257537961006165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5032593607902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4721676707267761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.42329108715057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3268647789955139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.18791556358337402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185298936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193228","display_name":"IEEE 802.11","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20154158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32722645","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32722645","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:84e3d0342fad40bea1ccfaf782253e9f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/84e3d0342fad40bea1ccfaf782253e9f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 15, p 4158 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/15/4158/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 15; Pages: 4158","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7435403","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7435403","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20154158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1544410465","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018R1D1A1A09082266","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W169931978","https://openalex.org/W1490241023","https://openalex.org/W1519558353","https://openalex.org/W2028801706","https://openalex.org/W2038194220","https://openalex.org/W2063195024","https://openalex.org/W2117613805","https://openalex.org/W2119866123","https://openalex.org/W2128569883","https://openalex.org/W2134807560","https://openalex.org/W2147035723","https://openalex.org/W2148895884","https://openalex.org/W2167489871","https://openalex.org/W2217074739","https://openalex.org/W2269222209","https://openalex.org/W2281666703","https://openalex.org/W2298500030","https://openalex.org/W2470924389","https://openalex.org/W2556469849","https://openalex.org/W2702883767","https://openalex.org/W2745992310","https://openalex.org/W2762644836","https://openalex.org/W2782098519","https://openalex.org/W2794385060","https://openalex.org/W2795413649","https://openalex.org/W2796634612","https://openalex.org/W2810555152","https://openalex.org/W2883736458","https://openalex.org/W2884950155","https://openalex.org/W2885193062","https://openalex.org/W2892077825","https://openalex.org/W2899347706","https://openalex.org/W2899373061","https://openalex.org/W2900387126","https://openalex.org/W2911127172","https://openalex.org/W2916111590","https://openalex.org/W2918106404","https://openalex.org/W2920689385","https://openalex.org/W2953584294","https://openalex.org/W2953663701","https://openalex.org/W2985924367","https://openalex.org/W2996823021","https://openalex.org/W2998266342","https://openalex.org/W3006191871","https://openalex.org/W3013865443","https://openalex.org/W3099185017","https://openalex.org/W3100857292","https://openalex.org/W3117495952","https://openalex.org/W3197787777","https://openalex.org/W4205621617","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4300747978","https://openalex.org/W6631026315","https://openalex.org/W6657681227","https://openalex.org/W6677672301","https://openalex.org/W6679908558","https://openalex.org/W6764581701","https://openalex.org/W6765011765","https://openalex.org/W6771570194","https://openalex.org/W6775536647","https://openalex.org/W6788317124"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2043658523","https://openalex.org/W1957626830","https://openalex.org/W2348874225","https://openalex.org/W2309385867","https://openalex.org/W2353136732","https://openalex.org/W2098812874","https://openalex.org/W2170966007","https://openalex.org/W3139973873","https://openalex.org/W2147914323","https://openalex.org/W2035600839"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,63,99,172],"next":[1],"generation":[2],"of":[3,6,17,50,55,59,68,80,101,110,151,167],"the":[4,48,56,78,88,97,108,149,165,177],"Internet":[5],"Things":[7],"(IoT)":[8],"networks":[9],"is":[10,52],"expected":[11],"to":[12,27,35,76,95,105,127,147,196],"handle":[13],"a":[14,28,72,92,121,140,181],"massive":[15],"scale":[16],"sensor":[18,135,152],"deployment":[19],"with":[20,164],"radically":[21],"heterogeneous":[22],"traffic":[23],"applications,":[24],"which":[25],"leads":[26],"congested":[29],"network,":[30],"calling":[31],"for":[32],"new":[33],"mechanisms":[34],"improve":[36],"network":[37,89,160],"efficiency.":[38],"Existing":[39],"protocols":[40],"are":[41],"based":[42],"on":[43],"simple":[44],"heuristics":[45],"mechanisms,":[46],"whereas":[47],"probability":[49,144,158],"collision":[51,143,157],"still":[53],"one":[54],"significant":[57],"challenges":[58],"future":[60],"IoT":[61,85,116],"networks.":[62,86],"medium":[64],"access":[65],"control":[66,189],"layer":[67,90,161],"IEEE":[69],"802.15.4":[70],"uses":[71,91],"distributed":[73],"coordination":[74],"function":[75],"determine":[77],"efficiency":[79],"accessing":[81],"wireless":[82],"channels":[83],"in":[84,114,131],"Similarly,":[87],"ranking":[93,162],"mechanism":[94],"route":[96],"packets.":[98],"objective":[100],"this":[102],"study":[103],"was":[104],"intelligently":[106],"utilize":[107],"cooperation":[109],"multiple":[111],"communication":[112],"layers":[113],"an":[115,168],"network.":[117],"Recently,":[118],"Q-learning":[119],"(QL),":[120],"machine":[122],"learning":[123,129],"algorithm,":[124],"has":[125],"emerged":[126],"solve":[128],"problems":[130],"energy":[132,194],"and":[133,159,191],"computational-constrained":[134],"devices.":[136],"Therefore,":[137],"we":[138],"present":[139],"QL-based":[141],"intelligent":[142],"inference":[145],"algorithm":[146],"optimize":[148],"performance":[150],"nodes":[153],"by":[154],"utilizing":[155],"channel":[156],"states":[163],"help":[166],"accumulated":[169],"reward":[170],"function.":[171],"simulation":[173],"results":[174],"showed":[175],"that":[176],"proposed":[178],"scheme":[179],"achieved":[180],"higher":[182],"packet":[183],"reception":[184],"ratio,":[185],"produces":[186],"significantly":[187],"lower":[188],"overheads,":[190],"consumed":[192],"less":[193],"compared":[195],"current":[197],"state-of-the-art":[198],"mechanisms.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}