{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3043853455","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154132","title":"Base Station Selection for Hybrid TDOA/RTT/DOA Positioning in Mixed LOS/NLOS Environment","display_name":"Base Station Selection for Hybrid TDOA/RTT/DOA Positioning in Mixed LOS/NLOS Environment","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3043853455","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154132","mag":"3043853455","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32722324"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20154132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154132","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/15/4132/pdf?version=1596505422","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/15/4132/pdf?version=1596505422","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102222671","display_name":"Zhongliang Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1984-8613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongliang Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077504400","display_name":"Hanhua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8930-1082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hanhua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8930-1082","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082482226","display_name":"Xinyu Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1840-214X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074702375","display_name":"Lu Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4978-8439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4978-8439","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077504400"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":1.3828,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80200552,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"15","first_page":"4132","last_page":"4132"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilution-of-precision","display_name":"Dilution of precision","score":0.956413984298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateration","display_name":"Multilateration","score":0.941382884979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.8488879203796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.8280922770500183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.630660891532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.548862636089325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.540364682674408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.4349302649497986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.43382078409194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.34331637620925903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.315556138753891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3144574761390686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.18756622076034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1037222146987915}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200499919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q616896","display_name":"Dilution of precision","level":4,"score":0.956413984298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104037064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640884","display_name":"Multilateration","level":3,"score":0.941382884979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.8488879203796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.8280922770500183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.630660891532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.548862636089325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.540364682674408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.4349302649497986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.43382078409194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.34331637620925903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.315556138753891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3144574761390686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.18756622076034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1037222146987915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20154132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154132","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/15/4132/pdf?version=1596505422","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32722324","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32722324","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6bee86b189dd4069817bdb18b3d0e00c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6bee86b189dd4069817bdb18b3d0e00c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 15, p 4132 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/15/4132/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 15; Pages: 4132","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7435970","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7435970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20154132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154132","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/15/4132/pdf?version=1596505422","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3043853455.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3043853455.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1581992174","https://openalex.org/W1996143196","https://openalex.org/W2034959342","https://openalex.org/W2091582232","https://openalex.org/W2102987342","https://openalex.org/W2103502106","https://openalex.org/W2108941477","https://openalex.org/W2116048675","https://openalex.org/W2125777976","https://openalex.org/W2142274517","https://openalex.org/W2149389995","https://openalex.org/W2172058908","https://openalex.org/W2204208883","https://openalex.org/W2290459470","https://openalex.org/W2419008539","https://openalex.org/W2492294785","https://openalex.org/W2585595320","https://openalex.org/W2593683299","https://openalex.org/W2776656643","https://openalex.org/W2789249198","https://openalex.org/W2803233702","https://openalex.org/W2887702006","https://openalex.org/W2893731701","https://openalex.org/W2921299743","https://openalex.org/W2921966295","https://openalex.org/W2963506524","https://openalex.org/W2964029185","https://openalex.org/W2964060007","https://openalex.org/W2964157819","https://openalex.org/W2984288604","https://openalex.org/W3105416263","https://openalex.org/W6673410428","https://openalex.org/W6675462671"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2391980879","https://openalex.org/W1636339314","https://openalex.org/W2903220199","https://openalex.org/W2799362944","https://openalex.org/W2083509671","https://openalex.org/W1978001812","https://openalex.org/W4307018408","https://openalex.org/W2355647129","https://openalex.org/W2353409691","https://openalex.org/W1977097806"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,117],"fifth":[1],"generation":[2],"(5G)":[3],"cellular":[4],"communication":[5],"system":[6],"is":[7,77,107,177],"designed":[8],"to":[9,61,130],"support":[10],"Time":[11,17],"Difference":[12],"of":[13,21,66,150,156],"Arrival":[14,22],"(TDOA),":[15],"Round-Trip":[16],"(RTT),":[18],"and":[19,45,95,98,113],"Direction":[20],"(DOA)":[23],"measurements":[24],"for":[25,51,81,90],"indoor":[26],"positioning.":[27,52,84],"To":[28],"mitigate":[29],"the":[30,82,88,91,122,144,147,151,154,168,174,182],"positioning":[31,132,169],"error":[32],"caused":[33,172],"by":[34,173],"non-line-of-sight":[35],"(NLOS),":[36],"existing":[37],"base":[38,56,69,102,124,135,158],"station":[39,57,70,103,125,136,159],"selection":[40,71,104,126,137],"methods":[41],"identify":[42],"channel":[43,75,111,141],"conditions":[44,112],"only":[46,73,139],"use":[47],"line-of-sight":[48],"(LOS)":[49],"signals":[50],"However,":[53],"different":[54,63],"selected":[55,157],"combination":[58,160],"would":[59],"lead":[60,129],"a":[62,100,162],"geometric":[64],"dilution":[65],"precision":[67],"(GDOP),":[68],"based":[72,108,138],"on":[74,109,140],"condition":[76],"not":[78],"fully":[79],"applicable":[80],"hybrid":[83,92],"This":[85],"paper":[86],"derives":[87],"GDOP":[89,114,166],"TDOA,":[93],"RTT,":[94],"DOA":[96],"positioning,":[97],"proposes":[99],"GDOP-assisted":[101],"method,":[105],"which":[106],"both":[110],"value":[115],"changes.":[116],"simulation":[118],"shows":[119],"that":[120,180],"using":[121],"proposed":[123,175],"method":[127,176],"could":[128],"higher":[131],"accuracy":[133,170],"than":[134,179],"condition.":[142],"In":[143],"simulation,":[145],"in":[146,165,181],"side":[148],"region":[149],"scenario,":[152],"where":[153],"change":[155],"causes":[161],"notable":[163],"increment":[164],"value,":[167],"improvement":[171],"greater":[178],"center":[183],"region.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
