{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3042650923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20144040","title":"Shape Sensing with Rayleigh Backscattering Fibre Optic Sensor","display_name":"Shape Sensing with Rayleigh Backscattering Fibre Optic Sensor","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3042650923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20144040","mag":"3042650923","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32708071"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20144040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20144040","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/14/4040/pdf?version=1595309549","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/14/4040/pdf?version=1595309549","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100430968","display_name":"Cheng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8075-2867"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010252397","display_name":"Zahra Sharif Khodaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5106-2197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zahra Sharif Khodaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5106-2197","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100430968"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.5141,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82611191,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"14","first_page":"4040","last_page":"4040"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rayleigh-scattering","display_name":"Rayleigh scattering","score":0.5802398324012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deflection","display_name":"Deflection (physics)","score":0.5539236068725586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strain-gauge","display_name":"Strain gauge","score":0.5512351989746094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.5451258420944214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cantilever","display_name":"Cantilever","score":0.5242852568626404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-acoustic-sensing","display_name":"Distributed acoustic sensing","score":0.5112693309783936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4733462631702423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-bragg-grating","display_name":"Fiber Bragg grating","score":0.4677455723285675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4492897689342499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-optic-sensor","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","score":0.41100120544433594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4093102812767029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3809264898300171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19735637307167053}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46244369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193709","display_name":"Rayleigh scattering","level":2,"score":0.5802398324012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781355719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080698","display_name":"Deflection (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5539236068725586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60584519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q610723","display_name":"Strain gauge","level":2,"score":0.5512351989746094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.5451258420944214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141354745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17227","display_name":"Cantilever","level":2,"score":0.5242852568626404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158543913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283133","display_name":"Distributed acoustic sensing","level":4,"score":0.5112693309783936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4733462631702423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43091971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397391","display_name":"Fiber Bragg grating","level":3,"score":0.4677455723285675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4492897689342499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21651689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397427","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","level":3,"score":0.41100120544433594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4093102812767029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3809264898300171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19735637307167053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20144040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20144040","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/14/4040/pdf?version=1595309549","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32708071","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32708071","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:70ab0f12a7f24630834db95126278153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/70ab0f12a7f24630834db95126278153","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 14, p 4040 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/14/4040/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20144040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 14; Pages: 4040","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7411920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7411920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/81493","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/81493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20144040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20144040","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/14/4040/pdf?version=1595309549","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3042650923.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W781729486","https://openalex.org/W1498930080","https://openalex.org/W1976070239","https://openalex.org/W1982610350","https://openalex.org/W1987568439","https://openalex.org/W2007637140","https://openalex.org/W2026764420","https://openalex.org/W2057678837","https://openalex.org/W2068778093","https://openalex.org/W2088680492","https://openalex.org/W2098973822","https://openalex.org/W2162099351","https://openalex.org/W2475136910","https://openalex.org/W2501112125","https://openalex.org/W2510651995","https://openalex.org/W2512293597","https://openalex.org/W2606845782","https://openalex.org/W2697005376","https://openalex.org/W2752623846","https://openalex.org/W2769891283","https://openalex.org/W2796457556","https://openalex.org/W2901250425","https://openalex.org/W7048947711"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2463721724","https://openalex.org/W2765857181","https://openalex.org/W2365148668","https://openalex.org/W3216900447","https://openalex.org/W2081248891","https://openalex.org/W2096440838","https://openalex.org/W3213254163","https://openalex.org/W2014016592","https://openalex.org/W3146793764","https://openalex.org/W4296136989"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"Rayleigh":[3],"backscattering":[4],"sensors":[5,44],"(RBS)":[6],"are":[7,30,94,98,129],"used":[8,182],"to":[9,17,37,102,107,111,132,146,183],"realize":[10],"shape":[11,19,72,160,178,186,211,216],"sensing":[12,20,56,73,124,179,212],"of":[13,32,40,123,187],"beam-like":[14],"structures.":[15],"Compared":[16,36],"conventional":[18],"systems":[21],"based":[22,86],"on":[23,87],"fibre":[24,42],"Bragg":[25],"grating":[26],"(FBG)":[27],"sensors,":[28],"RBS":[29,46,151],"capable":[31],"continuous":[33],"lateral":[34],"sensing.":[35],"other":[38],"types":[39],"distributed":[41,89,104],"optic":[43],"(FOS),":[45],"have":[47],"a":[48,154,169,188],"higher":[49],"spatial":[50],"resolution.":[51],"First,":[52],"the":[53,81,88,103,134,147,150,159,162,176,185,201,215,222],"RBS's":[54],"strain":[55,66,92],"accuracy":[57,136,219],"is":[58,164,172,181,197],"validated":[59],"by":[60],"an":[61],"experiment":[62,171],"comparing":[63],"it":[64,109],"with":[65,200,217,221],"gauge":[67],"response.":[68],"After":[69],"that,":[70],"two":[71],"algorithms":[74,97,213],"(the":[75],"coordinate":[76],"transformation":[77],"method":[78,84],"(CTM)":[79],"and":[80,137],"strain-deflection":[82],"equation":[83],"(SDEM))":[85],"FOS'":[90,105],"input":[91],"data":[93],"derived.":[95],"The":[96,141,195,205],"then":[99,198],"optimized":[100],"according":[101],"features,":[106],"make":[108],"applicable":[110],"complex":[112,166],"and/or":[113],"combine":[114],"loading":[115],"situations":[116],"while":[117],"maintaining":[118],"high":[119,218],"reliability":[120],"in":[121,157,174],"case":[122],"part":[125],"malfunction.":[126],"Numerical":[127],"simulations":[128],"carried":[130],"out":[131],"validate":[133],"algorithms'":[135],"compare":[138],"their":[139],"accuracy.":[140],"simulation":[142],"shows":[143],"that":[144,209],"compared":[145,199],"FBG-based":[148],"system,":[149],"system":[152,180],"has":[153],"better":[155],"performance":[156],"configuring":[158],"when":[161],"structure":[163],"under":[165,192],"loading.":[167,194],"Finally,":[168],"validation":[170],"conducted":[173],"which":[175],"RBS-based":[177],"configure":[184],"composite":[189],"cantilever-beam-like":[190],"specimen":[191],"concentrated":[193],"result":[196],"optical":[202,223],"camera-measured":[203],"shape.":[204],"experimental":[206],"results":[207],"show":[208],"both":[210],"predict":[214],"comparable":[220],"camera":[224],"result.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
