{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3037495960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123590","title":"Bluetooth Low Energy Mesh Networks: Survey of Communication and Security Protocols","display_name":"Bluetooth Low Energy Mesh Networks: Survey of Communication and Security Protocols","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3037495960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123590","mag":"3037495960","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32630381"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20123590","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123590","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/12/3590/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/12/3590/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014701894","display_name":"Muhammad Rizwan Ghori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2247-5723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Rizwan Ghori","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2247-5723","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053935497","display_name":"Tat\u2010Chee Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3094-8228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tat-Chee Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Advanced IPv6 Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia","School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3094-8228","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Advanced IPv6 Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012702951","display_name":"Gian Chand Sodhy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2955-6462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gian Chand Sodhy","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2955-6462","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053935497"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":7.6108,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":74,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97489379,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"12","first_page":"3590","last_page":"3590"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9750000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8059494495391846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-mesh-network","display_name":"Wireless mesh network","score":0.7056289315223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mesh-networking","display_name":"Mesh networking","score":0.636157751083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6262348890304565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5109393000602722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.4317716062068939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.42289793491363525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.32016998529434204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.3079022169113159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16088470816612244}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8059494495391846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31548570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6453712","display_name":"Wireless mesh network","level":4,"score":0.7056289315223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123691950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25552104","display_name":"Mesh networking","level":3,"score":0.636157751083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6262348890304565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5109393000602722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.4317716062068939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.42289793491363525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.32016998529434204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3079022169113159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16088470816612244}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20123590","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123590","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/12/3590/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32630381","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32630381","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6e98afd92ba146aea3557d0a4c12e644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6e98afd92ba146aea3557d0a4c12e644","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 12, p 3590 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/12/3590/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123590","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7349184","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7349184","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20123590","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123590","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/12/3590/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3037495960.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3037495960.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":115,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16501038","https://openalex.org/W1489146973","https://openalex.org/W1549535141","https://openalex.org/W1924044267","https://openalex.org/W1971130353","https://openalex.org/W1981948842","https://openalex.org/W2014374161","https://openalex.org/W2017179140","https://openalex.org/W2024058581","https://openalex.org/W2025743285","https://openalex.org/W2042506462","https://openalex.org/W2054897420","https://openalex.org/W2071029692","https://openalex.org/W2080979018","https://openalex.org/W2087039861","https://openalex.org/W2091041197","https://openalex.org/W2102258543","https://openalex.org/W2106122566","https://openalex.org/W2124651399","https://openalex.org/W2148940906","https://openalex.org/W2152942448","https://openalex.org/W2168010029","https://openalex.org/W2181717997","https://openalex.org/W2246793353","https://openalex.org/W2273663819","https://openalex.org/W2296101009","https://openalex.org/W2330861432","https://openalex.org/W2495616653","https://openalex.org/W2512333035","https://openalex.org/W2519823595","https://openalex.org/W2520311392","https://openalex.org/W2528897651","https://openalex.org/W2532130364","https://openalex.org/W2532423614","https://openalex.org/W2541471420","https://openalex.org/W2554670332","https://openalex.org/W2566601606","https://openalex.org/W2570937239","https://openalex.org/W2598092189","https://openalex.org/W2603073654","https://openalex.org/W2608859608","https://openalex.org/W2617521746","https://openalex.org/W2701627121","https://openalex.org/W2773526096","https://openalex.org/W2783154085","https://openalex.org/W2787173928","https://openalex.org/W2792165980","https://openalex.org/W2792775858","https://openalex.org/W2795482797","https://openalex.org/W2801514307","https://openalex.org/W2803877730","https://openalex.org/W2807420973","https://openalex.org/W2810151263","https://openalex.org/W2883222613","https://openalex.org/W2885569475","https://openalex.org/W2887543605","https://openalex.org/W2888396376","https://openalex.org/W2890486517","https://openalex.org/W2891481613","https://openalex.org/W2896579827","https://openalex.org/W2900970538","https://openalex.org/W2902536584","https://openalex.org/W2906434873","https://openalex.org/W2907214697","https://openalex.org/W2908960574","https://openalex.org/W2909788665","https://openalex.org/W2912114944","https://openalex.org/W2913327014","https://openalex.org/W2914343836","https://openalex.org/W2921861385","https://openalex.org/W2922065701","https://openalex.org/W2922447264","https://openalex.org/W2924353071","https://openalex.org/W2929049293","https://openalex.org/W2933086673","https://openalex.org/W2935934119","https://openalex.org/W2936402740","https://openalex.org/W2940895343","https://openalex.org/W2941653081","https://openalex.org/W2941898360","https://openalex.org/W2946005034","https://openalex.org/W2947710037","https://openalex.org/W2952214846","https://openalex.org/W2953186152","https://openalex.org/W2955014922","https://openalex.org/W2962796772","https://openalex.org/W2962803161","https://openalex.org/W2965829475","https://openalex.org/W2967109573","https://openalex.org/W2968183638","https://openalex.org/W2969089304","https://openalex.org/W2969667595","https://openalex.org/W2971067040","https://openalex.org/W2974537243","https://openalex.org/W2980458824","https://openalex.org/W2982255332","https://openalex.org/W2982580331","https://openalex.org/W2985436212","https://openalex.org/W2987195549","https://openalex.org/W2995173428","https://openalex.org/W2999106347","https://openalex.org/W3002080999","https://openalex.org/W3012435419","https://openalex.org/W3018208752","https://openalex.org/W3020422052","https://openalex.org/W3095768106","https://openalex.org/W4249186852","https://openalex.org/W6668186385","https://openalex.org/W6673391060","https://openalex.org/W6725666514","https://openalex.org/W6728082734","https://openalex.org/W6736770345","https://openalex.org/W6761160255","https://openalex.org/W6768007405","https://openalex.org/W6776244488"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319302693","https://openalex.org/W2003342631","https://openalex.org/W2088516601","https://openalex.org/W2088748318","https://openalex.org/W3183712563","https://openalex.org/W2145803479","https://openalex.org/W3113618853","https://openalex.org/W1994262480","https://openalex.org/W2963761638","https://openalex.org/W2208184322"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bluetooth":[0,31],"Low":[1],"Energy":[2],"(BLE)":[3],"Mesh":[4,63,197,229],"Networks":[5],"enable":[6],"flexible":[7],"and":[8,37,83,111,169],"reliable":[9],"communications":[10],"for":[11,180,195,211,223,227],"low-power":[12,213],"Internet":[13],"of":[14,28,47,56,92,133,148,156,208],"Things":[15],"(IoT)":[16],"devices.":[17],"Most":[18],"BLE-based":[19,107,121],"mesh":[20,40,108,122,136,159],"protocols":[21,110,124,137,215],"are":[22,125,171,178],"implemented":[23],"as":[24],"overlays":[25],"on":[26],"top":[27],"the":[29,45,104,116,119,131,162],"standard":[30],"star":[32],"topologies":[33],"while":[34],"using":[35],"piconets":[36],"scatternets.":[38],"Nonetheless,":[39,191],"topology":[41],"support":[42,154],"has":[43],"increased":[44],"vulnerability":[46],"BLE":[48,62,69,74,134,157,196,228],"to":[49,77,96,153,186,218],"security":[50,75,99,113,167,182],"threats,":[51],"since":[52],"a":[53,61,90,146,200,205],"larger":[54],"number":[55],"devices":[57],"can":[58],"participate":[59],"in":[60,151,184],"network.":[64],"To":[65],"address":[66],"these":[67,97],"concerns,":[68],"version":[70],"5":[71],"enhanced":[72],"existing":[73],"features":[76],"deal":[78],"with":[79],"various":[80],"authenticity,":[81],"integrity,":[82],"confidentiality":[84],"issues.":[85,114],"However,":[86],"there":[87,144],"is":[88,145],"still":[89],"lack":[91,147],"detailed":[93],"studies":[94],"related":[95,112,212],"new":[98],"features.":[100],"This":[101],"survey":[102,207],"examines":[103],"most":[105],"recent":[106,165],"network":[109],"In":[115,161],"first":[117],"part,":[118,164],"latest":[120],"communication":[123],"discussed.":[126],"The":[127],"analysis":[128],"shows":[129],"that":[130],"implementation":[132],"pure":[135,158],"remains":[138],"an":[139],"open":[140],"research":[141,202],"issue.":[142],"Moreover,":[143],"auto-configuration":[149],"mechanisms":[150],"order":[152,185],"bootstrapping":[155],"networks.":[160,230],"second":[163],"BLE-related":[166],"issues":[168],"vulnerabilities":[170],"highlighted.":[172],"Strong":[173],"Intrusion":[174],"Detection":[175],"Systems":[176],"(IDS)":[177],"essential":[179],"detecting":[181],"breaches":[183],"protect":[187],"against":[188],"zero-day":[189],"exploits.":[190],"viable":[192],"IDS":[193,209,225],"solutions":[194,226],"networks":[198],"remain":[199],"nascent":[201],"area.":[203],"Consequently,":[204],"comparative":[206],"approaches":[210,222],"wireless":[214],"was":[216],"used":[217],"map":[219],"out":[220],"potential":[221],"enhancing":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}