{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3036082349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123446","title":"Foreign Object Intrusion Detection on Metro Track Using Commodity WiFi Devices with the Fast Phase Calibration Algorithm","display_name":"Foreign Object Intrusion Detection on Metro Track Using Commodity WiFi Devices with the Fast Phase Calibration Algorithm","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3036082349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123446","mag":"3036082349","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32570857"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20123446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123446","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/12/3446/pdf?version=1592550574","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/12/3446/pdf?version=1592550574","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025820781","display_name":"Shuo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1161-4759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1161-4759","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101920744","display_name":"Jin Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8281-3846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060668772","display_name":"Xuechang Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1558-9423"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079841400","display_name":"Weirong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6207-9100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weirong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100338802","display_name":"Heng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3187-9041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025820781"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.5202,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64689611,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"12","first_page":"3446","last_page":"3446"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.7107028365135193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6458151936531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.5785688757896423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.5471280813217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5065113306045532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.47831061482429504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.464564710855484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.4234941005706787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.41548052430152893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.3464232087135315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13028639554977417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.10786005854606628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.7107028365135193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6458151936531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.5785688757896423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.5471280813217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5065113306045532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.47831061482429504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.464564710855484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.4234941005706787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.41548052430152893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3464232087135315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13028639554977417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.10786005854606628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20123446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123446","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/12/3446/pdf?version=1592550574","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32570857","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32570857","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:56806eb3e94447d4a8c137362c0ce899","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/56806eb3e94447d4a8c137362c0ce899","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 12, p 3446 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/12/3446/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123446","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7349844","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7349844","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20123446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123446","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/12/3446/pdf?version=1592550574","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1804078864","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61502055","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3036082349.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3036082349.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964894970","https://openalex.org/W1964895037","https://openalex.org/W1972063783","https://openalex.org/W1977917536","https://openalex.org/W2014758824","https://openalex.org/W2032306167","https://openalex.org/W2078966899","https://openalex.org/W2089695767","https://openalex.org/W2096710051","https://openalex.org/W2122687876","https://openalex.org/W2146944152","https://openalex.org/W2196222222","https://openalex.org/W2379630288","https://openalex.org/W2501970484","https://openalex.org/W2525088374","https://openalex.org/W2526606216","https://openalex.org/W2594230123","https://openalex.org/W2609346484","https://openalex.org/W2783317992","https://openalex.org/W2792797432","https://openalex.org/W2801789088","https://openalex.org/W2810849182","https://openalex.org/W2901723497","https://openalex.org/W2916002713","https://openalex.org/W2919916121","https://openalex.org/W2925781557","https://openalex.org/W2972084662","https://openalex.org/W2973016366","https://openalex.org/W2980606380","https://openalex.org/W2998645577","https://openalex.org/W4235628085","https://openalex.org/W6670400442","https://openalex.org/W6767888695"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3006474185","https://openalex.org/W2130674020","https://openalex.org/W2093748878","https://openalex.org/W2333771223","https://openalex.org/W2120056845","https://openalex.org/W1981531423","https://openalex.org/W2333473644","https://openalex.org/W2031331230","https://openalex.org/W2182833023","https://openalex.org/W3201401734"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"continuous":[1],"development":[2],"in":[3,13,33,186,202],"the":[4,8,11,28,31,34,81,86,90,115,119,122,126,127,132,135,145,150,157,169,172,178,187,203,210,216,223],"scales":[5],"of":[6,10,30,89,134,144,171,180,215,222],"cities,":[7],"role":[9],"metro":[12],"urban":[14],"transportation":[15],"is":[16,36,70,109,147,164,226],"becoming":[17],"more":[18,20],"and":[19,69,94,121,160,184,219],"important.":[21],"When":[22],"running":[23],"at":[24],"a":[25,49,104,154,190],"high":[26],"speed,":[27],"safety":[29],"train":[32],"tunnel":[35,74,188,211],"significantly":[37],"affected":[38],"by":[39],"any":[40],"foreign":[41,50,181],"objects.":[42],"To":[43],"address":[44],"this":[45,102],"problem,":[46],"we":[47],"propose":[48],"object":[51,182],"intrusion":[52],"detection":[53,183,217],"method":[54,108,112,155,167,225],"based":[55,77],"on":[56,78,101],"WiFi":[57,91],"technology,":[58],"which":[59],"uses":[60],"radio":[61],"frequency":[62],"(RF)":[63],"signals":[64],"to":[65,124,176,209],"sense":[66],"environmental":[67],"changes":[68],"suitable":[71],"for":[72],"lightless":[73],"environments.":[75],"Firstly,":[76],"extensive":[79],"experiments,":[80],"abnormal":[82],"phase":[83,106,128],"offset":[84,96,129],"between":[85,118],"RF":[87],"chains":[88],"network":[92],"card":[93],"its":[95],"law":[97],"was":[98,207],"observed.":[99],"Based":[100],"observation,":[103],"fast":[105],"calibration":[107],"proposed.":[110,165],"This":[111,166],"only":[113],"needs":[114],"azimuth":[116],"information":[117,138],"transmitter":[120],"receiver":[123],"calibrate":[125],"rapidly":[130],"through":[131],"compensation":[133],"channel":[136],"state":[137],"(CSI)":[139],"data.":[140],"The":[141,213],"time":[142],"complexity":[143],"algorithm":[146,159],"lower":[148],"than":[149],"existing":[151],"algorithm.":[152],"Secondly,":[153],"combining":[156],"MUSIC":[158],"static":[161],"clutter":[162],"suppression":[163],"utilizes":[168],"incoherence":[170],"dynamic":[173],"reflection":[174],"signal":[175],"improve":[177],"efficiency":[179],"localization":[185,220],"with":[189],"strong":[191],"multipath":[192],"effect.":[193],"Finally,":[194],"experiments":[195],"were":[196],"conducted":[197],"using":[198],"Intel":[199],"5300":[200],"NIC":[201],"indoor":[204],"environment":[205],"that":[206],"close":[208],"environment.":[212],"performance":[214],"probability":[218],"accuracy":[221],"proposed":[224],"tested.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}