{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3035259122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123401","title":"Sortation Control Using Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning in N-Grid Sortation System","display_name":"Sortation Control Using Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning in N-Grid Sortation System","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3035259122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123401","mag":"3035259122","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32560217"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20123401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123401","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/12/3401/pdf?version=1592833291","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/12/3401/pdf?version=1592833291","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061365692","display_name":"Ju-Bong Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6406-3092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35886859","display_name":"Korea University of Technology and Education","ror":"https://ror.org/053nycv62","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35886859"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ju-Bong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan 31253, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6406-3092","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan 31253, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35886859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034729258","display_name":"Ho-Bin Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2071-652X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35886859","display_name":"Korea University of Technology and Education","ror":"https://ror.org/053nycv62","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35886859"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ho-Bin Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan 31253, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan 31253, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35886859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049149048","display_name":"Gyu-Young Hwang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35886859","display_name":"Korea University of Technology and Education","ror":"https://ror.org/053nycv62","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35886859"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gyu-Young Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan 31253, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan 31253, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35886859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044712507","display_name":"Kwihoon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0798-1687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwihoon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Knowledge-Converged Super Brain Convergence Research, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 34129, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Knowledge-Converged Super Brain Convergence Research, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 34129, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100717144","display_name":"Yong-Geun Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2974-3820"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong-Geun Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Knowledge-Converged Super Brain Convergence Research, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 34129, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Knowledge-Converged Super Brain Convergence Research, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 34129, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027634067","display_name":"Youn\u2010Hee Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5835-7972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35886859","display_name":"Korea University of Technology and Education","ror":"https://ror.org/053nycv62","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35886859"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Youn-Hee Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan 31253, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5835-7972","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan 31253, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35886859"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027634067"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35886859"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.6686,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76773803,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"12","first_page":"3401","last_page":"3401"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10653","display_name":"Robot Manipulation and Learning","score":0.9674999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14011","display_name":"Elevator Systems and Control","score":0.9496999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7792860865592957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5769186615943909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5338711738586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.47866639494895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-system","display_name":"Multi-agent system","score":0.43416208028793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42713066935539246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.4144384562969208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3956747353076935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25080132484436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.12674036622047424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.08912616968154907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7792860865592957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5769186615943909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5338711738586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.47866639494895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.43416208028793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42713066935539246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.4144384562969208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3956747353076935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25080132484436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.12674036622047424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.08912616968154907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20123401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123401","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/12/3401/pdf?version=1592833291","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32560217","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32560217","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7349561","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7349561","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aaaaf8196b80484ebcd2bb36a22dbf36","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aaaaf8196b80484ebcd2bb36a22dbf36","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 12, p 3401 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/12/3401/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20123401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123401","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/12/3401/pdf?version=1592833291","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3701712208","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CRC-15-05-ETRI","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5655393881","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CRC-15-05-ETRI","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322093","funder_display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7440702319","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018R1A6A1A03025526","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322093","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3035259122.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3035259122.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W1675030058","https://openalex.org/W1757796397","https://openalex.org/W1927261824","https://openalex.org/W1965968125","https://openalex.org/W2012578617","https://openalex.org/W2088642120","https://openalex.org/W2091834444","https://openalex.org/W2099618002","https://openalex.org/W2108242604","https://openalex.org/W2126521354","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2156666755","https://openalex.org/W2395575420","https://openalex.org/W2507578125","https://openalex.org/W2604873668","https://openalex.org/W2734878594","https://openalex.org/W2745868649","https://openalex.org/W2810217655","https://openalex.org/W2893147469","https://openalex.org/W2903981562","https://openalex.org/W2921254774","https://openalex.org/W2946260706","https://openalex.org/W2951896791","https://openalex.org/W2963485523","https://openalex.org/W2973525135","https://openalex.org/W2980384416","https://openalex.org/W2981255168","https://openalex.org/W2983329230","https://openalex.org/W3100789280","https://openalex.org/W6675920945"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4310083477","https://openalex.org/W2328553770","https://openalex.org/W2920061524","https://openalex.org/W1977959518","https://openalex.org/W2038908348","https://openalex.org/W2107890255","https://openalex.org/W2106552856","https://openalex.org/W1993039745","https://openalex.org/W1581129489","https://openalex.org/W2369252416"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intralogistics":[0],"is":[1,42],"a":[2,16,69,123],"technology":[3],"that":[4,57,141],"optimizes,":[5],"integrates,":[6],"automates,":[7],"and":[8,19,49,62,67,96,99,117,128,177],"manages":[9],"the":[10,23,37,78,85,105,111,114,130,136,142,154,161,168,175],"logistics":[11,17],"flow":[12],"of":[13,39,80,91,113,179],"goods":[14],"within":[15],"transportation":[18,27],"sortation":[20,30,40,55,107],"center.":[21],"As":[22],"demand":[24],"for":[25],"parcel":[26],"increases,":[28],"many":[29],"systems":[31,41],"have":[32],"been":[33],"developed.":[34],"In":[35,152],"general,":[36],"goal":[38],"to":[43,76,103,159,173],"route":[44,160],"(or":[45],"sort)":[46],"parcels":[47,162],"correctly":[48],"quickly.":[50],"We":[51,87],"design":[52],"an":[53],"n-grid":[54],"system":[56,116,126],"can":[58,147],"be":[59],"flexibly":[60],"deployed":[61],"used":[63],"at":[64],"intralogistics":[65],"warehouse":[66],"develop":[68],"collaborative":[70,144],"multi-agent":[71],"reinforcement":[72],"learning":[73,133,137],"(RL)":[74],"algorithm":[75],"control":[77],"behavior":[79],"emitters":[81],"or":[82],"sorters":[83],"in":[84,122],"system.":[86],"present":[88,140],"two":[89],"types":[90],"RL":[92,131,145],"agents,":[93,98],"emission":[94,169],"agents":[95,146,156,170],"routing":[97,155],"they":[100],"are":[101],"trained":[102],"achieve":[104],"given":[106],"goals":[108],"together.":[109],"For":[110],"verification":[112],"proposed":[115],"algorithm,":[118],"we":[119,139],"implement":[120],"them":[121],"full-fledged":[124],"cyber-physical":[125],"simulator":[127],"describe":[129],"agents\u2019":[132],"performance.":[134],"From":[135],"results,":[138],"well-trained":[143],"optimize":[148],"their":[149,164],"performance":[150],"effectively.":[151],"particular,":[153],"finally":[157,171],"learn":[158,172],"through":[163],"optimal":[165],"paths,":[166],"while":[167],"balance":[174],"inflow":[176],"outflow":[178],"parcels.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}