{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3031888569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20113057","title":"A Cognitive Method for Automatically Retrieving Complex Information on a Large Scale","display_name":"A Cognitive Method for Automatically Retrieving Complex Information on a Large Scale","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3031888569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20113057","mag":"3031888569","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32481652"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20113057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20113057","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/11/3057/pdf?version=1591789427","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/11/3057/pdf?version=1591789427","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103149927","display_name":"Yongyue Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6960-6313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongyue Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Network Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Network Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024502163","display_name":"Beitong Yao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beitong Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Network Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Network Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018085680","display_name":"Tianbo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0227-9557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianbo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035296513","display_name":"Chunhe Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-8449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29739308","display_name":"Guangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02frt9q65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunhe Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Network Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","School of Computer Science and Information Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Network Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102768734","display_name":"Xianghui Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2417-7391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160629","display_name":"China Information Technology Security Evaluation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/053cexp66","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160629"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xianghui Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Information Technology Security Evaluation Center, Beijing 100085, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Information Technology Security Evaluation Center, Beijing 100085, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160629"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102768734"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160629"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.272,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63396221,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"11","first_page":"3057","last_page":"3057"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8053855299949646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.75748211145401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5004701614379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.44328197836875916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-models-of-information-retrieval","display_name":"Cognitive models of information retrieval","score":0.4262532591819763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3510207533836365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine","display_name":"Search engine","score":0.3416560888290405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.25834667682647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-information-retrieval","display_name":"Human\u2013computer information retrieval","score":0.19880929589271545}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8053855299949646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.75748211145401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5004701614379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.44328197836875916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21025794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141219","display_name":"Cognitive models of information retrieval","level":4,"score":0.4262532591819763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3510207533836365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.3416560888290405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.25834667682647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90288658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3318149","display_name":"Human\u2013computer information retrieval","level":3,"score":0.19880929589271545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20113057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20113057","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/11/3057/pdf?version=1591789427","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32481652","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32481652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:463fb6ad1d9c42c2a7cd76d1e638b467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/463fb6ad1d9c42c2a7cd76d1e638b467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 11, p 3057 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/11/3057/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7308866","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7308866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20113057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20113057","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/11/3057/pdf?version=1591789427","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3171365517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61862008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4645851237","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1636208","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4782000787","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1636208, NO 61862008, Grant NO. 61902013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6897205863","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61902013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3031888569.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3031888569.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W102708294","https://openalex.org/W2123442489","https://openalex.org/W2131297983","https://openalex.org/W2131744502","https://openalex.org/W2142937603","https://openalex.org/W2268765682","https://openalex.org/W2427527485","https://openalex.org/W2519887557","https://openalex.org/W2536015822","https://openalex.org/W2537054325","https://openalex.org/W2788448041","https://openalex.org/W2798581922","https://openalex.org/W2798759657","https://openalex.org/W2798900427","https://openalex.org/W2882319491","https://openalex.org/W2885103667","https://openalex.org/W2889729765","https://openalex.org/W2889787757","https://openalex.org/W2901939506","https://openalex.org/W2912817604","https://openalex.org/W2916846408","https://openalex.org/W2945692931","https://openalex.org/W2946379006","https://openalex.org/W2946542158","https://openalex.org/W2949428332","https://openalex.org/W2949547296","https://openalex.org/W2949847757","https://openalex.org/W2950618399","https://openalex.org/W2950729111","https://openalex.org/W2951008357","https://openalex.org/W2952484617","https://openalex.org/W2952565226","https://openalex.org/W2952816296","https://openalex.org/W2952862139","https://openalex.org/W2953010614","https://openalex.org/W2953122475","https://openalex.org/W2955753753","https://openalex.org/W2962865973","https://openalex.org/W2962985038","https://openalex.org/W2963159735","https://openalex.org/W2963323070","https://openalex.org/W2963374482","https://openalex.org/W2963662654","https://openalex.org/W2963748441","https://openalex.org/W2964068236","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964151654","https://openalex.org/W2970023150","https://openalex.org/W2971105107","https://openalex.org/W2979196189","https://openalex.org/W2980418356","https://openalex.org/W2984775947","https://openalex.org/W2990928880","https://openalex.org/W2995638926","https://openalex.org/W2999146029","https://openalex.org/W3098133185","https://openalex.org/W3121694563","https://openalex.org/W3123437755","https://openalex.org/W4210685717","https://openalex.org/W4288281505","https://openalex.org/W4289865932","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6638318767","https://openalex.org/W6736172710","https://openalex.org/W6753056052"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2023370952","https://openalex.org/W167737004","https://openalex.org/W1964038241","https://openalex.org/W2185038817","https://openalex.org/W2385957133","https://openalex.org/W3590553","https://openalex.org/W2004064649","https://openalex.org/W3141094475","https://openalex.org/W1974306718","https://openalex.org/W2390285850"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"retrieval":[1,28,74,204],"systems":[2],"tend":[3],"to":[4,35,92,110,144],"deteriorate":[5],"because":[6],"of":[7,11,98,114,136,157,202],"their":[8],"large":[9,24],"output":[10],"useless":[12],"and":[13,186,198,220,223],"even":[14],"misleading":[15],"information,":[16],"especially":[17],"for":[18,50],"complex":[19,117],"search":[20],"requests":[21],"on":[22,126,215,237],"a":[23,87,127,133,163,230],"scale.":[25],"Complex":[26],"information":[27],"(IR)":[29],"tasks":[30],"requiring":[31],"multi-hop":[32,51,149],"reasoning":[33,131,138,150],"need":[34],"fuse":[36],"multiple":[37],"scattered":[38],"text":[39],"across":[40],"two":[41,48,233],"or":[42,69],"more":[43,231],"documents.":[44],"However,":[45],"there":[46],"are":[47],"challenges":[49],"retrieval.":[52],"To":[53],"be":[54],"specific,":[55],"the":[56,73,76,81,93,96,101,112,141,154,170,174,178,184,195,200,203,216,225,238],"first":[57],"challenge":[58,83],"is":[59,84],"that":[60,85,167,210],"since":[61],"some":[62],"important":[63],"supporting":[64,191],"facts":[65],"have":[66],"little":[67],"lexical":[68],"semantic":[70],"relationship":[71],"with":[72,129,147],"query,":[75,176],"retriever":[77,88,102],"often":[78],"omits":[79],"them;":[80],"second":[82],"once":[86],"chooses":[89],"misinformation":[90],"related":[91],"query":[94,185],"as":[95],"entities":[97,171,192],"cognitive":[99,130,142,179],"graphs,":[100],"will":[103],"fail.":[104],"In":[105],"this":[106],"study,":[107],"in":[108,116,173,194],"order":[109],"improve":[111],"performance":[113],"retrievers":[115],"tasks,":[118],"an":[119],"intelligent":[120],"sensor":[121],"technique":[122],"was":[123],"proposed":[124],"based":[125],"sub-scope":[128],"(2SCR-IR),":[132],"novel":[134],"method":[135],"retrieving":[137],"paths":[139],"over":[140],"graph":[143,180],"provide":[145],"users":[146],"verified":[148],"chains.":[151],"Inspired":[152],"by":[153,229],"users'":[155],"process":[156],"step-by-step":[158],"searching":[159],"online,":[160],"2SCR-IR":[161,211],"includes":[162],"dynamic":[164],"fusion":[165],"layer":[166],"starts":[168],"from":[169,183],"mentioned":[172,193],"given":[175,196],"explores":[177],"dynamically":[181],"built":[182],"contexts,":[187],"gradually":[188],"finds":[189],"relevant":[190],"documents,":[197],"verifies":[199],"rationality":[201],"facts.":[205],"Our":[206],"experimental":[207],"results":[208,214],"show":[209],"achieves":[212],"competitive":[213],"HotpotQA":[217],"full":[218,239],"wiki":[219,240],"distractor":[221],"settings,":[222],"outperforms":[224],"previous":[226],"state-of-the-art":[227],"methods":[228],"than":[232],"points":[234],"absolute":[235],"gain":[236],"setting.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}