{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3026927894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102928","title":"On-Site Earthquake Early Warning Using Smartphones","display_name":"On-Site Earthquake Early Warning Using Smartphones","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3026927894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102928","mag":"3026927894","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32455744"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20102928","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102928","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/10/2928/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/10/2928/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028714354","display_name":"Ting\u2010Yu Hsu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3279-8996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154864474","display_name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q09pe49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ting-Yu Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3279-8996","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084591791","display_name":"C. P. Nieh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154864474","display_name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q09pe49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. P. Nieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028714354"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.6319,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87189184,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"10","first_page":"2928","last_page":"2928"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13018","display_name":"Seismology and Earthquake Studies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13018","display_name":"Seismology and Earthquake Studies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11757","display_name":"Seismic Waves and Analysis","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earthquake-warning-system","display_name":"Earthquake warning system","score":0.8263128995895386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warning-system","display_name":"Warning system","score":0.724339485168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peak-ground-acceleration","display_name":"Peak ground acceleration","score":0.7014179229736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earthquake-shaking-table","display_name":"Earthquake shaking table","score":0.6482993364334106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seismology","display_name":"Seismology","score":0.6340612769126892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earthquake-prediction","display_name":"Earthquake prediction","score":0.5514904856681824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earthquake-simulation","display_name":"Earthquake simulation","score":0.5506373047828674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.5048287510871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreshock","display_name":"Foreshock","score":0.5047518014907837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.47939229011535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4003177285194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3336864113807678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aftershock","display_name":"Aftershock","score":0.3210861086845398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-motion","display_name":"Ground motion","score":0.19295170903205872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.08576095104217529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.06577077507972717}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71939608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5327282","display_name":"Earthquake warning system","level":3,"score":0.8263128995895386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29825287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427940","display_name":"Warning system","level":2,"score":0.724339485168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60486960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1040321","display_name":"Peak ground acceleration","level":3,"score":0.7014179229736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149007308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5327279","display_name":"Earthquake shaking table","level":2,"score":0.6482993364334106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.6340612769126892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11097651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q606654","display_name":"Earthquake prediction","level":2,"score":0.5514904856681824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90626213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308911","display_name":"Earthquake simulation","level":2,"score":0.5506373047828674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.5048287510871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147412999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q950713","display_name":"Foreshock","level":3,"score":0.5047518014907837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.47939229011535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4003177285194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3336864113807678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156801008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308442","display_name":"Aftershock","level":2,"score":0.3210861086845398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988284105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11424730","display_name":"Ground motion","level":2,"score":0.19295170903205872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08576095104217529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.06577077507972717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20102928","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102928","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/10/2928/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32455744","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32455744","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:30873808a84d4a4994f5498edcfcd261","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/30873808a84d4a4994f5498edcfcd261","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 10, p 2928 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/10/2928/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7285340","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7285340","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20102928","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102928","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/10/2928/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G737106015","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 108-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8251266221","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 108-2119-M-011-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314997","display_name":"Strong","ror":"https://ror.org/041vyzr56"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3026927894.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3026927894.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1844120634","https://openalex.org/W1973881932","https://openalex.org/W1990763880","https://openalex.org/W2052953912","https://openalex.org/W2077055713","https://openalex.org/W2098941059","https://openalex.org/W2109566930","https://openalex.org/W2145037258","https://openalex.org/W2254901830","https://openalex.org/W2508400277","https://openalex.org/W2520217198","https://openalex.org/W2528961483","https://openalex.org/W2740234317","https://openalex.org/W2789621234","https://openalex.org/W2795056015","https://openalex.org/W2808766858","https://openalex.org/W2900159430","https://openalex.org/W2913327888","https://openalex.org/W2914736117","https://openalex.org/W2952939110","https://openalex.org/W2954238226","https://openalex.org/W2979652753","https://openalex.org/W3123096242","https://openalex.org/W6681033525","https://openalex.org/W7051926465"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2010660009","https://openalex.org/W2387644379","https://openalex.org/W4303045044","https://openalex.org/W2388931700","https://openalex.org/W3156344106","https://openalex.org/W3130488755","https://openalex.org/W2550880431","https://openalex.org/W2732157476","https://openalex.org/W2737120823","https://openalex.org/W4387109728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,19,114],"this":[1],"study,":[2],"the":[3,20,24,28,46,59,66,74,106,116,120,129,136,155,164,168,179,182,187,201,211],"measured":[4],"accelerations":[5],"of":[6,119,128,138,141,154,163,181,196,205],"a":[7,83],"single":[8],"smartphone":[9,25],"were":[10,131],"used":[11],"to":[12,135,149,216],"provide":[13],"an":[14,35,41,77,174],"earthquake":[15,36,42,102,111,121,142,151,209],"early":[16,103,112],"warning":[17,104],"system.":[18],"presented":[21],"system,":[22],"after":[23,58],"is":[26,31,44,50,88,93,214],"triggered,":[27],"triggering":[29],"event":[30,37,43],"then":[32,51],"classified":[33],"as":[34],"or":[38],"not.":[39],"Once":[40],"detected,":[45],"peak":[47,85,124,183],"ground":[48,86,125,184],"acceleration":[49,87,126],"predicted":[52],"every":[53],"second":[54],"until":[55],"10":[56],"s":[57],"trigger.":[60],"These":[61],"predictions":[62,127],"are":[63],"made":[64],"by":[65],"neural":[67],"network":[68],"classifier":[69],"and":[70,76,123,143,161,207],"predictor":[71],"embedded":[72],"in":[73,173],"smartphone,":[75],"alert":[78,175],"can":[79],"be":[80,159,217],"issued":[81,156,177],"if":[82],"large":[84,139],"predicted.":[89],"The":[90],"proposed":[91,107,212],"system":[92,108,130],"unique":[94],"among":[95],"approaches":[96],"that":[97,166],"use":[98],"crowdsourcing":[99],"ideas":[100],"for":[101],"because":[105,195],"provides":[109],"on-site":[110],"warning.":[113],"general,":[115],"accuracy":[117],"rates":[118],"classifications":[122],"quite":[132,218],"high":[133],"according":[134,148],"results":[137],"amounts":[140],"non-earthquake":[144],"data.":[145],"More":[146],"specifically,":[147],"said":[150],"data,":[152],"96.9%":[153],"alerts":[157],"would":[158,170,193],"correct":[160],"61.9%":[162],"earthquakes":[165],"exceeded":[167],"threshold":[169],"have":[171],"resulted":[172],"being":[176],"before":[178],"arrival":[180],"acceleration.":[185],"Among":[186],"false":[188],"negative":[189,197],"cases,":[190],"approximate":[191],"97.8%":[192],"occur":[194],"lead":[198],"time.":[199],"Using":[200],"shake":[202],"table":[203],"tests":[204],"worldwide":[206],"Meinong":[208],"datasets,":[210],"approach":[213],"confirmed":[215],"promising.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
