{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3024548312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102856","title":"Moving towards IoT Based Digital Communication: An Efficient Utilization of Power Spectrum Density for Smart Cities","display_name":"Moving towards IoT Based Digital Communication: An Efficient Utilization of Power Spectrum Density for Smart Cities","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3024548312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102856","mag":"3024548312","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32443463"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20102856","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102856","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/10/2856/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/10/2856/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030939801","display_name":"Tariq Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2445-0519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47164929","display_name":"Najran University","ror":"https://ror.org/05edw4a90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tariq Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072719276","display_name":"Abdullah Alwadie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0929-8221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47164929","display_name":"Najran University","ror":"https://ror.org/05edw4a90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah S. Alwadie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076894818","display_name":"Abdul Rasheed Rizwan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Rasheed Rizwan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Punjab Education System, Depaalpur 56180, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Punjab Education System, Depaalpur 56180, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056886115","display_name":"Ahthasham Sajid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2829-0893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143719379","display_name":"Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01vf56d70","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143719379"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahthasham Sajid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of ICT, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2829-0893","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of ICT, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143719379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002753099","display_name":"Muhammad Irfan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4161-6875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47164929","display_name":"Najran University","ror":"https://ror.org/05edw4a90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Irfan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4161-6875","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020522482","display_name":"Muhammad Awais","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7064-6796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Awais","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7064-6796","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030939801"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.3121,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5619794,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"10","first_page":"2856","last_page":"2856"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.7471400499343872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.5557942986488342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5367644429206848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45702242851257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-city","display_name":"Smart city","score":0.4249059557914734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4235008656978607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-density","display_name":"Spectral density","score":0.4105220139026642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3020934462547302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2958182096481323}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.7471400499343872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.5557942986488342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5367644429206848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45702242851257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777103469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231558","display_name":"Smart city","level":3,"score":0.4249059557914734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4235008656978607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168110828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331626","display_name":"Spectral density","level":2,"score":0.4105220139026642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3020934462547302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2958182096481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20102856","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102856","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/10/2856/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32443463","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32443463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:71b710b2e173426d88be5e629305cbed","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/71b710b2e173426d88be5e629305cbed","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 10, p 2856 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:144525","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/144525/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/10/2856/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102856","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7288092","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7288092","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20102856","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102856","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/10/2856/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3024548312.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1616707687","https://openalex.org/W1645800954","https://openalex.org/W1991803578","https://openalex.org/W2006401915","https://openalex.org/W2009016316","https://openalex.org/W2040942744","https://openalex.org/W2050843920","https://openalex.org/W2050901128","https://openalex.org/W2056342070","https://openalex.org/W2079032518","https://openalex.org/W2111982243","https://openalex.org/W2199490273","https://openalex.org/W2343966791","https://openalex.org/W2345314010","https://openalex.org/W2499400668","https://openalex.org/W2538058027","https://openalex.org/W2558002002","https://openalex.org/W2566162087","https://openalex.org/W2580888175","https://openalex.org/W2597831797","https://openalex.org/W2740100958","https://openalex.org/W2768029518","https://openalex.org/W2784065460","https://openalex.org/W2792711521","https://openalex.org/W2800769188","https://openalex.org/W2888824618","https://openalex.org/W2925107825","https://openalex.org/W6670288285","https://openalex.org/W6788707072"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W1939054760","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W2950174689","https://openalex.org/W4200598720","https://openalex.org/W2594589918","https://openalex.org/W2800554002","https://openalex.org/W4296618677"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,16,32,46,73,210,238,258],"future":[1],"of":[2,5,21,80,86,195,217,260,275,279],"the":[3,84,91,151,169,179,192,196,204,215,248,254,261,276],"Internet":[4],"Things":[6],"(IoT)":[7],"is":[8,25,120,156,199,212,225,242],"interlinked":[9],"with":[10,131,187,214,232],"digital":[11,17,44,135,235],"communication":[12,30,137],"in":[13,39,43,107,110,134,168,267],"smart":[14,22,111,139,143,146,170],"cities.":[15,147],"signal":[18,67],"power":[19,58,97],"spectrum":[20,59,98,251],"IoT":[23,108],"devices":[24,109],"greatly":[26],"needed":[27],"to":[28,61,114,123,129,158,220,227],"provide":[29],"support.":[31],"line":[33,70,281],"codes":[34],"play":[35],"a":[36,66,121,165,175,272],"significant":[37],"role":[38],"data":[40,63,160,256],"bit":[41,239],"transmission":[42,177],"communication.":[45],"existing":[47,74],"line-coding":[48],"techniques":[49,76],"are":[50,104,264],"designed":[51],"for":[52,138,145,253],"traditional":[53],"computing":[54],"network":[55],"technology":[56],"and":[57,96,186,208,230,247],"density":[60,99],"translate":[62],"bits":[64,161],"into":[65],"using":[68,164,183],"various":[69,280],"code":[71],"waveforms.":[72],"line-code":[75,127,236],"have":[77],"multiple":[78],"kinds":[79],"issues,":[81],"such":[82],"as":[83],"utilization":[85],"bandwidth,":[87],"connection":[88],"synchronization":[89],"(CS),":[90],"direct":[92],"current":[93],"(DC)":[94],"component,":[95],"(PSD).":[100],"These":[101],"highlighted":[102],"issues":[103,133],"not":[105],"adequate":[106],"cities":[112],"due":[113],"their":[115],"small":[116],"size.":[117],"However,":[118],"there":[119],"need":[122],"design":[124],"an":[125],"effective":[126],"method":[128],"deal":[130],"these":[132],"IoT-based":[136],"technologies,":[140],"which":[141,270],"enables":[142],"services":[144],"In":[148,190],"this":[149],"paper,":[150],"Shadow":[152],"Encoding":[153],"Scheme":[154],"(SES)":[155],"proposed":[157],"transmit":[159],"efficiently":[162],"by":[163],"physical":[166,180],"waveform":[167],"cities'":[171],"ecosystem.":[172],"SES":[173,229,246],"provides":[174],"reliable":[176],"over":[178],"medium":[181],"without":[182],"extra":[184],"bandwidth":[185],"ideal":[188],"PSD.":[189],"it,":[191],"shadow":[193],"copy":[194],"repeating":[197,203],"bitstream":[198],"forwarded,":[200],"rather":[201],"than":[202],"actual":[205],"stream":[206],"again":[207],"again.":[209],"PSD":[211,262],"calculated":[213],"help":[216],"mathematical":[218],"equations":[219],"validate":[221],"SES.":[222],"MATLAB":[223],"simulator":[224],"used":[226],"simulate":[228],"compared":[231,244],"other":[233],"well-known":[234],"techniques.":[237],"error":[240],"rate":[241],"also":[243,265],"between":[245],"chirp":[249],"spread":[250],"(CSS)":[252],"specific":[255],"frames.":[257],"coordinates":[259],"graph":[263],"shown":[266],"tabular":[268],"form,":[269],"shows":[271],"vivid":[273],"picture":[274],"working":[277],"conditions":[278],"codes.":[282]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}