{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3025312409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102836","title":"Application and Algorithm of Ground-Penetrating Radar for Plant Root Detection: A Review","display_name":"Application and Algorithm of Ground-Penetrating Radar for Plant Root Detection: A Review","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3025312409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102836","mag":"3025312409","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32429394"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20102836","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102836","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/10/2836/pdf?version=1589623249","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/10/2836/pdf?version=1589623249","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101462788","display_name":"Hao Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31683504","display_name":"Beijing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xv2pc41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I31683504","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132245","display_name":"Research Institute of Forestry","ror":"https://ror.org/02nmvgz47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128615","https://openalex.org/I4210132245","https://openalex.org/I4210134523"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing 100083, China","Key Lab of State Forestry Administration for Forestry Equipment and Automation, Beijing 10083, China","Research Center for Intelligent Forestry, Beijing 10083, China","School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9540-4627","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of State Forestry Administration for Forestry Equipment and Automation, Beijing 10083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132245"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Intelligent Forestry, Beijing 10083, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31683504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068554535","display_name":"Linyin Xing","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31683504","display_name":"Beijing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xv2pc41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I31683504","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132245","display_name":"Research Institute of Forestry","ror":"https://ror.org/02nmvgz47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128615","https://openalex.org/I4210132245","https://openalex.org/I4210134523"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linyin Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Lab of State Forestry Administration for Forestry Equipment and Automation, Beijing 10083, China","Research Center for Intelligent Forestry, Beijing 10083, China","School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of State Forestry Administration for Forestry Equipment and Automation, Beijing 10083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132245"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Intelligent Forestry, Beijing 10083, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31683504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071321838","display_name":"Jianhui Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5868-9360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31683504","display_name":"Beijing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xv2pc41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I31683504","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132245","display_name":"Research Institute of Forestry","ror":"https://ror.org/02nmvgz47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128615","https://openalex.org/I4210132245","https://openalex.org/I4210134523"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianhui Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing 100083, China","Key Lab of State Forestry Administration for Forestry Equipment and Automation, Beijing 10083, China","Research Center for Intelligent Forestry, Beijing 10083, China","School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of State Forestry Administration for Forestry Equipment and Automation, Beijing 10083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132245"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Intelligent Forestry, Beijing 10083, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31683504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071321838"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31683504","https://openalex.org/I4210132245"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.2673,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78206321,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"10","first_page":"2836","last_page":"2836"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9165999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","score":0.7523108720779419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-root","display_name":"Plant root","score":0.5460742115974426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5389687418937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.530269980430603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4911517798900604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4850563108921051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47436437010765076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-detection","display_name":"Radar detection","score":0.44849351048469543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4465128779411316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mainstream","display_name":"Mainstream","score":0.42051243782043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.29085850715637207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-engineering","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","score":0.2434709370136261}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171078966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111029","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7523108720779419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020728986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41500","display_name":"Plant root","level":2,"score":0.5460742115974426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5389687418937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.530269980430603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4911517798900604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4850563108921051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47436437010765076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989048297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930654","display_name":"Radar detection","level":3,"score":0.44849351048469543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4465128779411316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957","display_name":"Mainstream","level":2,"score":0.42051243782043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29085850715637207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.2434709370136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010944","descriptor_name":"Plants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010944","descriptor_name":"Plants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010944","descriptor_name":"Plants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011825","descriptor_name":"Radar","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011825","descriptor_name":"Radar","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011825","descriptor_name":"Radar","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018517","descriptor_name":"Plant Roots","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018517","descriptor_name":"Plant Roots","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018517","descriptor_name":"Plant Roots","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20102836","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102836","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/10/2836/pdf?version=1589623249","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32429394","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32429394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:06f7fa8aebb64eecaca8bf37402d73d4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/06f7fa8aebb64eecaca8bf37402d73d4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 10, p 2836 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/10/2836/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7285134","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7285134","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20102836","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102836","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/10/2836/pdf?version=1589623249","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3025312409.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3025312409.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W173724585","https://openalex.org/W301674672","https://openalex.org/W1968405117","https://openalex.org/W1976682825","https://openalex.org/W1982970788","https://openalex.org/W1987776270","https://openalex.org/W2000041842","https://openalex.org/W2003454866","https://openalex.org/W2021334474","https://openalex.org/W2035752142","https://openalex.org/W2057248530","https://openalex.org/W2059817405","https://openalex.org/W2096944896","https://openalex.org/W2108365241","https://openalex.org/W2122933942","https://openalex.org/W2130372754","https://openalex.org/W2138489340","https://openalex.org/W2160276773","https://openalex.org/W2162284778","https://openalex.org/W2168512468","https://openalex.org/W2363420804","https://openalex.org/W2521901407","https://openalex.org/W2607178066","https://openalex.org/W2789370707","https://openalex.org/W2811259959","https://openalex.org/W2911660423","https://openalex.org/W2912451807","https://openalex.org/W2914917628","https://openalex.org/W2935051094","https://openalex.org/W2942988526","https://openalex.org/W2952618689","https://openalex.org/W2963249133","https://openalex.org/W2968752369","https://openalex.org/W2973024703","https://openalex.org/W2988796729","https://openalex.org/W3009381686","https://openalex.org/W3010844550","https://openalex.org/W3012140695","https://openalex.org/W3012757833","https://openalex.org/W3015106256","https://openalex.org/W3149395806","https://openalex.org/W6683769424","https://openalex.org/W6684161906"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389325020","https://openalex.org/W2412684871","https://openalex.org/W2385786288","https://openalex.org/W1554627072","https://openalex.org/W2172367616","https://openalex.org/W1809300420","https://openalex.org/W135648808","https://openalex.org/W2045012449","https://openalex.org/W2623151937","https://openalex.org/W2068910249"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Attention":[0],"to":[1,7,60,78],"the":[2,9,41,64],"natural":[3],"environment":[4,66],"is":[5],"equivalent":[6],"observing":[8],"space":[10],"in":[11,51],"which":[12,17],"we":[13],"live.":[14],"Plant":[15],"roots,":[16],"are":[18],"important":[19],"organs":[20],"of":[21,29,67],"plants,":[22],"require":[23],"our":[24],"close":[25],"attention.":[26],"The":[27],"method":[28],"detecting":[30],"root":[31,79,87,93],"system":[32],"without":[33],"damaging":[34],"plants":[35],"has":[36,46,55,96],"gradually":[37],"become":[38],"mainstream.":[39],"At":[40],"same":[42],"time,":[43],"machine":[44,83,91],"learning":[45,92],"been":[47],"achieving":[48],"good":[49,97],"results":[50],"recent":[52],"years;":[53],"it":[54],"helped":[56],"develop":[57],"many":[58],"tools":[59],"help":[61],"us":[62],"detect":[63],"underground":[65],"plants.":[68],"Therefore,":[69],"this":[70],"article":[71],"will":[72],"introduce":[73],"some":[74],"existing":[75],"content":[76],"related":[77],"detection":[80,84,94],"technology":[81,95],"and":[82],"algorithms":[85],"for":[86],"detection,":[88],"proving":[89],"that":[90],"recognition":[98],"capabilities.":[99]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
